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Haiti

Republic of Haiti (en)
Flag of Haiti Coat of arms of Haiti
( Flag of Haiti ) ( Arms of Haiti )
National motto : Freedom - Equality - Fraternity Place names

In Taino , Ayiti meant or .

When the French buccaneers , who first invaded the island of Tortuga , north, migrate to the mainland, they occupy the western part of the island of Hispaniola , they francization name in use among Spaniards "Santo Domingo in Santo Domingo. From 1630 to 1664 , the informal name remains until Colbert incorporates the colony of Santo Domingo in the West India Company. The name of Santo Domingo will be confirmed by the Treaties of Rijswijk ( 1697 ) and Basel ( 1795 ) to designate the western part (pars occidentalis), who during the French colonial period, is also nicknamed the "Pearl of the Antilles".

On 1 January 1804 , saying the country's independence, Dessalines restores the original Taino Indian name, Haiti Quisqueya, Bohio, in honor of the Native American people.

Hispaniola is the name given to the whole island, the Dominican Republic , occupying two thirds in the east.

In Creole , the country is called Ayiti.

Geography

Country Amrendien

Main article: Geography of Haiti and Haiti's cities.
Topographic map of Haiti

The territory of Haiti is mainly composed of the western part of the island of Hispaniola that is also called "high or mountainous land", which adds a number of other islands and archipelagos such as:

- The Gonave ;
- The Turtle Island ;
- The Cayemites ;
- The Ile a Vache.

The relief of the "Land mountainous" generally consists of rugged mountains with small coastal plains and valleys. As the entire island, that of the Republic of Haiti consists of two bands separated by the main mountain Plaine du Cul de Sac : one in the north, where the amount of chain High Piton , the Massif des Montagnes Noires and Matheux chain , the other south, formed by the massive peak in the saddle and the Massif de la Hotte.

Despite the widespread deforestation throughout the country , Haiti still has woodlands that extend the neighboring country of the Dominican Republic. Thus these two states share the pine forest on the island of Hispaniola , which also covers part of the massif of the Pic la Selle and the Massif de la Hotte.

The central portion and form a large plateau above sea level. Haiti's main river is the Artibonite.

Haiti (like the rest of the island of Hispaniola) is in a seismically active zone between two tectonic plates : the North American Plate to the north and the Caribbean plate to the south make the country particularly vulnerable to earthquakes. That of 12 January 2010 , proved to be the largest earthquake ever recorded in that country, devastating the region including the capital Port-au-Prince , killing more than 200,000 dead and millions homeless.

Climate

The climate is tropical. The rainy season extends from April to June and from October to November. The season of hurricanes extends from June until the end of November.

The country is regularly hit by heavy rainfall and hurricanes. The Hurricane Jeanne that hit Haiti in September 2004 resulted in a provisional toll of more than 1,160 dead and 1,250 missing. The effects of storm conditions worsen already difficult living in this country: 170,000 people lack enough to eat and drink, and bananas have been largely destroyed by the cyclone, while the country was already suffering from torrential rains in May 2004 which led to the deaths of 1,220 people.

Human geography: Demographics

Demographic changes between 1961 and 2003 (figure in FAO , 2005 ). Population in thousands.
Main article: Demographics of Haiti.

In 1790 , the population of the colony, then called Santo Domingo , was approximately 500 000 persons including 38 360 Europeans and 28,370 Africans and free people of color, along with 433 270 people with the status of slave.

In the 1880s, it had approximately 570,000 inhabitants.

Haiti's population is estimated at 9,923,243 inhabitants (2009 census estimate) more than 43.6% were urban dwellers.

In the 2000s, the largest city is the capital Port-au-Prince , with nearly 2.3 million inhabitants (est. 2009), followed by Cap-Haitien with 250 000 inhabitants.

History

Origins to 1804

Peoples culture Arawak , Caribbean and Taino occupied the island before the Spaniards arrived. Columbus , landing on 5 December 1492 called the Hispaniola , while the natives called it in three ways: Ayiti, Quisqueya and Bohio. An estimated 100 000 indigenous inhabited the island of Hispaniola in the late fifteenth century.

The Spaniards exploited the island for its gold. The Indians refused to work in the mines are being slaughtered and enslaved, and the few who managed to escape took refuge in the mountains and are highly marginalized and impoverished. Infectious diseases are the Europeans arrived with their toll, the mistreatment, malnutrition and declining birth rates are the rest: the indigenous population was exterminated in a few decades.

The Spaniards then come from Africa by slaves deported. In 1517 , Charles V allows the slave trade , it will prohibit the following decade, but without success, nor afterwards Pope Paul III.

The western part of Hispaniola, devoid of ore, is quickly overlooked by the Spanish settlers who leave empty. Of buccaneers French settled there, despite several Spanish military expeditions. In the seventeenth century, under the authority of Cardinal Richelieu , French institutionalized facility. The Turtle Island , north west of Hispaniola, became the headquarters of the buccaneer. These adventurers are gradually gaining the "Great Land" in 1654 , they created the first city of the future Santo Domingo : Petit-Gove. The first governor of the colony is Ogeron Bertrand , appointed in 1665. Knowing how to accept filibusters, he organized the colonization by the arrival of French people who commit to work three years before becoming owners of land (they were called the "36 months"). It promotes the planting of tobacco. So he settled down a population of buccaneers and pirates little inclined to accept the royal authority until the 1660s. Bertrand Orgeron also attracted settlers from Martinique and Guadeloupe.

But in 1 670 - 1690 crisis involving the tobacco and many places were abandoned. The ranks of piracy bigger, looting, like those of Vera Cruz in 1683 or Campeche in 1686 , multiply and Jean-Baptiste Colbert , Minister of Marine, restore order by taking a large number of measurements. It transfers the government to Port-de-Paix in 1676. It encourages the establishment of plantations of indigo and sugar cane. The first sugar mill was established in 1685. Finally, it regulates slavery in preparing the Code Noir (which will be promulgated in 1685 , after his death). All these actions allow the economic growth of the colony.

Following the Treaty of Rijswijk in 1697 and accession to the throne of Spain a grand-son of Louis XIV , the Spaniards not challenge the sovereignty of France over the western third of the island. France formalizes the name of Santo Domingo , for this part. It was then that come from France many settlers who develop plantations or work in them. From 1713 to 1787, 30,000 French swell the number of the settlers in the West Island.

The war broke out in Europe and extend over the seas to the West Indies and the Caribbean. In 1756 , trade was paralyzed. A large number of settlers and their families left Santo Domingo for Louisiana , where they settled in the Post Office established by France and administered by the military.

Around 1790 , Santo Domingo , is the richest French colony from all over America through the immense profits of the sugar industry and that of the indigo produced by slave labor. Tens of thousands of Africans were brought as slaves to run these industries. Their fate is legally framed by the black code , but in fact, they undergo treatment often worse than those that code. Their number (400 000) is ten times higher than whites.

1804: the revolution of independence

Toussaint Louverture

The French Revolution has serious social upheavals in the Lesser Antilles as in Saint-Domingue. The most important is the slaves' revolt which led in 1793 to the abolition of slavery through the civil commissioners Sonthonax and Polverel decision, endorsed and generalized to all French colonies by the Convention six months later.

Toussaint Louverture , who was appointed Governor by France, after having restored peace, expelled the Spanish and British who threatened the colony, restored prosperity by daring measures. The promulgation of a constitution autonomist causes a reaction of France: Napoleon Bonaparte , under the influence of the Creoles (French - and Spanish - born on an island in the Caribbean later in Louisiana, too) and traders, sends an expedition of 30,000 men under the command of his brother-General Leclerc (after the restoration of slavery). His mission was to remove Louverture. But after a few victories, the arrest and deportation of Toussaint Louverture, the French troops under Rochambeau fought the battle of Vertires by Jean-Jacques Dessalines.

After a double battle for freedom and independence, won by former slaves on the troops of Napoleon Bonaparte , the Declaration of Independence the country was proclaimed on 1 January 1804. Haiti is the name given to the country. Haiti is the first country in the world resulting from the abolition of slavery.

From 1804 to 1990

Dessalines was proclaimed governor for life by his troops. History records that he executed some white remained on the island and ruled as a despot. He was assassinated in turn 17 in October 1806. The country is divided into two, a northern kingdom with Henri Christophe and a republic to the south with Alexandre Petion.

In 1822, President Jean Pierre Boyer reunified both parties north and south and conquered the eastern part of the island, a Spanish colony.

The President Petion initiates negotiations for recognition of Haiti in 1814. They last until 1824. On 11 July 1825 , the King of France Charles X issued an order recognizing the independence of the country against an indemnity of 150 million gold francs (the sum will be reduced in 1838 to 90 million francs).

On 27 February 1844 , despite continuing attacks by the Haitians, the Dominican Republic reiterates its independence.

A long succession of coups following the departure of Jean Pierre Boyer. The power is constantly being challenged by factions of the army, the mulatto and black elites, and the merchant class, now composed mostly of foreigners ( Germans , Americans , French and English ). The country is impoverished, few state leaders are concerned about its development. Once the power is weakening, will trigger armed revolts, maintained by the candidates to succeed.

In 1847, Faustin Soulouque is elected president: he turns the country into an empire of Haiti on 25 August 1849 and became Faustin I.. Despot, he fled the country following a popular uprising in 1859.

In the early twentieth century , the country is in a state of almost permanent insurrection. This fact promotes the invasion of the island by the troops of President Wilson in 1915 to counter the influence of the German Empire. The United States occupied the island from 1915 to 1934. After the departure of U.S. political instability (between military and populist) repeats, and ends not only from 1957 with the family dictatorship Duvalier until 1986. Supporter of the fight against the mulattoes, Francois Duvalier , the father (aka "Papa Doc"), sits on his personal power and feeds the denouncement of terror with the help of his supporters dubbed Tontons Macoutes , real death squads. The Duvalier dictatorship is responsible for numerous killings, massacres of opponents and the civilian population such as that of the city of Jeremiah , known as " Jrmiennes Vespers "in 1964. Many Haitians into exile, including the United States and Canada. After facing several coups, his son Jean-Claude (aka "Baby Doc") is finally ousted by a popular uprising in 1986 and democracy was gradually established after dchoucage notabilities compromised with the regime precedent.

Haiti since 1990

Election of Aristide coup (1991-1994)

The former priest Jean-Bertrand Aristide won the elections in December 1990. His term begins on 7 February 1991 , but a coup led by Raoul Cedras and the military (supported by the business class and the U.S.) the overthrow of the month of September. Aristide went into exile in the United States. For three years the militias (also supported by the U.S. Return of Aristide to power (1994-1995)

In 1994 , Aristide was restored to power by the administration of Bill Clinton , during Operation "Restore Democracy" on condition that he renounce recover the lost years in the military interlude and that he bow to a neoliberal agenda , nicknamed "death plan" by the Haitian . It was actually the program of his opponent in the last election, a former official of the World Bank , Marc Bazin . His return was also marked by the dismantling of the army blamed for political instability.

First term Preval (1995-2000)

Aristide left the presidency in 1995 and was succeeded by Rene Preval. Despite his membership in Lavalas, Aristide's party, argued that it is lip service by the former president. He immediately applied the U.S. plan , causing an outcry on the island.

Second term Aristide coup and again (2000-2004)

UN Interim Mission in 2004

Aristide was reelected in 2000 , with an estimated 90% abstention by the United Nations . After months of pressure from the international community, particularly by France (with the intervention of Regis Debray and Veronique de Villepin-Albanel) and the United States, Aristide was forced, during the coup of 29 February 2004 , to leave the country with a special forces commando United States . Boniface Alexandre , President of the Court of Cassation , then the power provides an interim basis.

Earthquake of 2010

On 12 January 2010 , an earthquake measuring 7.0 on the Richter scale struck the west of Haiti including the capital Port-au-Prince. It is followed by more than one hundred aftershocks. This is the earthquake the largest and deadliest in the history of Haiti, up to completely disrupt the functioning of the state, like the collapse of several public buildings such as the Presidential Palace which resulted in the deaths of several government officials. President Prval and Prime Minister Jean-Max Bellerive there escaped narrowly. In addition, thousands of inmates while incarcerated in prison in Port-au-Prince escaped, following the collapse of the latter, further weakening an already precarious security situation.

The UN Mission for Stabilization in Haiti (MINUSTAH) was also devastated by the collapse of its headquarters in Port-au-Prince: more than 150 peacekeepers whose chief mission Hedi Annabi and his deputy are dead or brought missing. The results of this seismic disaster rises to 24 February 2010, more than 222,500 dead, 300,000 injured and 1 million homeless. But Gen. Ken Keen, head of U.S. Special Forces in Haiti, raised the 150 000-200 000 deaths as a "working hypothesis". Barack Obama speaks of "the greatest humanitarian disaster qu'aient had to deal with the United States of America." The United States have deployed 16,000 soldiers on the spot, the European Union 1500 Cholera

In October 2010, in unclear circumstances, an outbreak of cholera has appeared in the country, the contamination begins Oct. 19 in the departments of Artibonite and Centre where the first five cases are reported; water consumption improper River Artibonite would cause .

On January 5, 2011, there were 3,184 deaths due to cholera .

Politics

Haiti is a democratic republic. The right to vote is granted to all citizens aged eighteen and over.

Legislative power is exercised by two chambers: the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. The Chief Executive is the president Rene Garcia Preval. The head of government is Prime Minister Jean-Max Bellerive.

The Prime Minister can be dismissed by the president, but can be arrested and referred by the senate by a vote of censure by the latter .

Territorial subdivisions

Main article: Departments of Haiti.

Haiti is divided into ten departments, forty-one counties, one hundred thirty-three municipalities and five hundred sixty-five sections communal.

There is also what is commonly called the "eleventh department, representing some two million Haitians living outside the country: the diaspora of Haiti.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Haiti.
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Disabilities

80% of Haitians live below the poverty line and 54% in abject poverty, which is the poorest country in the Americas. Over a four-Haitien is malnourished, one million nine hundred thousand people, according to a report by the National Council for Food Security (CNSA) Haitian. The unemployment rate reached over 65% of the workforce.

In addition, Haiti suffers from high inflation and a lack of investment because of insecurity, limited infrastructure and a large trade deficit. The government depends on international aid to finance part of the budget.

Remittances coming from the diaspora Haitian nevertheless remain an important source of currency for the country, accounting for one quarter of gross domestic product and twice the value of exports.

Not to mention that Haiti remains a country vulnerable to natural disasters. In 2008, four hurricanes ravaged the country and caused huge damage to roads and agriculture, and the earthquake of 2010 devastated the country.

The deforestation is also accelerated as a brake on economic development, causing the erosion , impoverishment and collapse of land, especially during heavy rains.

Economic sectors

The main natural resources of Haiti are bauxite , the copper , the calcium carbonate , limestone , the gold , the marl and hydropower. However, mineral resources are limited to small deposits. Only the bauxite has been commercially exploited on a significant scale .

However, agriculture employs the bulk of the workforce with more than two-thirds of the population of working age. The farms are, above all, subsistence farms, of limited size, where the coffee , the cocoa , the sisal , the cotton , the mangoes are the main exports. The population explosion and lack of competitiveness against imported products have considerably weakened the sector, whose production is increasingly for the domestic market with products such as maize , the rice , and fruit.

The capital, Port-au-Prince, concentrating the majority of industrial activities in the country: the main products are electronic components , the textile and balls baseball.

The main trading partners of the Republic of Haiti is the United States to 85.2%, Canada 2.2%, France 1.5% Germany 1%, and the Dominican Republic.

Development aid

In October 2008, Congress passed the HOPE Act II (HOPE for Hemispheric Opportunity Through Partnership Encouragement: "hemispherical opportunity by encouraging partnerships"), to enable product manufacturers, particularly textile tariff-free access the U.S. market.

Social programs established by the government are limited, despite a sharp increase in 2009. Some agencies offer pensions and allowances for the accidents. Access to loans is low, 2% credit of the banking system is financing the agricultural sector and rural development.

Haiti also receives aid from many forms within its own country. Several associations, institutions and foundations participate in the reconstruction and development. Among organizations, the Foundation for the development of alternative tourism in Haiti (FONDTAH), which formulates the development of alternative tourism adapted to national conditions. The FONDTAH participates with the Company's operating natural Quisqueya Park Fond Parisian (SODEPA), the Association of artists and artisans in Croix-des-Bouquets (ADDAC), Association for the Development of Lower Bon (ADEBABO ), the Ministry of Agriculture and the environment, development of the refugee village of the cataclysm in the communal section of Fonds-Parisien located in the town of Ganthier in the Western Province of Haiti .

Other organizations and associations contribute to national development and aid multifaceted, especially since the earthquake of 2010. Among its agencies, there are Haitian institutions including the Institute of technology and animation , the National Council for public financing , as well as French associations such as Handicap International , Action Aid and , without forgetting the action of the UNICEF and that the World Food Programme.

Debt

April 17, 1825, the King of France Charles X concedes "the full and complete independence" to the former French colony of slaves at a cost of 150 million gold francs (the sum will be reduced in 1838 to 90,000,000 francs). This amount will be determined by the contraction of a debt that will be repaid in full in 1972 .

In the 1880s , the public finances are in extreme disorder seen continuing political instability. Income is estimated at 21.5 million francs and expenditures at double that amount. The public debt rises to 12 million hard dollars (1 dollar worth 5 francs) with 308 000 dollars for the balance of the French debt (1,540,000 francs) .

On April 7, 2003, President Jean-Bertrand Aristide has claimed officially to France nearly 21.7 billion dollars in "restitution and repair" of the debt.

Meanwhile a total external debt of 1.2 billion dollars "has been built on debt of independence", especially under "dictatorship of the Duvalier between 1957 and 1986, (who) has devastated the country and heavily indebted, indicates again the Committee for the Abolition of Third World debt (CADTM) . The association estimates that the Duvalier regime is alone responsible for 550 million dollars of external debt.

On December 24, 2003, CADTM claimed the cancellation of the debt described as "illegitimate and odious" of Haiti, on the eve of the bicentenary of the independence of the Republic Caribbean.

Without denying a debt of France with regard to their country, the opposition and the intellectuals of the diaspora refuse to associate with a request from a regime as corrupt and undemocratic as that of President Aristide .

In 2009 , following the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative , 1.2 billion of debt were canceled by the World Bank and IMF . In early 2010, external debt is estimated by Oxfam to 890 million or 734 million of euros .

Rate of household equipment

Access to basic social services

In 2007, the country had a large deficit in basic social services: education, water, health, sanitation.

On a 5 access levels, classified as "less poor" to "extremely low", only 2 out of 133 municipalities in the country, benefited in 2002 from a level of access "less poor" (ie ie the highest level) for their citizens. 14 of them were classified as "medium low", 51 "low", 37 "low" and 14 "extremely weak" .

Need drinking water

In 2007, coverage of these needs are estimated at 54% in Port-au-Prince, 46% in secondary cities, 48% in rural areas. However, drinking water systems installed in rural areas, and introduced in the 1980s are deteriorating for lack of maintenance .

Communication

It is very poorly developed: in 2008 out of 1000 people, 12 people own a fixed telephone line, 354 people have mobile phones, while 110 people have Internet access .

Education

Languages

Official languages

Haiti has two official languages:

Haiti and the Francophonie

Haiti is part of the Francophonie and is a member since the beginning of the creation of the International Organisation of French-speaking community.

Internationally, the entry of Haiti in the Pan American Union, the current OAS ( Organization of American States ), allowed the French to become one of the official working languages of the organization, and when famous Bretton Woods conference , where the use of French as a working language at the nascent United Nations was not decided by one vote, Haiti had voted in favor of this decision .

Haiti was a founding member of the Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation ( ACCT ), during the creation of this 20 March 1970.

In each head of department, there is a French Alliance. In most cases the premises are provided by the municipality and volunteers working at the Haitian cultural influence of the Alliance.

Despite a growing influence of English arising from geographic proximity with the United States, La Francophonie remains vibrant and alive.

In December 2010, Max Jean-Louis, a young Haitian, then aged 20, was elected director of the prestigious Centre de la Francophonie of the Americas in Quebec City .

Other languages and Diaspora

Because of the Diaspora installed Haitian Dominican Republic and the United States (including Miami and New York ), a number of Haitians also speak the Spanish or English.
Another part of this diaspora has led to countries or regions such as the French France ( Mtropole , Martinique , Guadeloupe and French Guiana ), the Canada (in Quebec and in particular Montreal ), the Belgium and Switzerland.

Many are unaware that a metropolitan national Haitian Caribbean. Yet this is the case, since the island is located in the Greater Antilles, which automatically makes those Caribbean nationals.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Haiti.
Public Holidays
Date French name Local Name
January 1 Independence Day Joudlan
January 2 Heroes' Day
January 12 Commemoration of the earthquake that devastated Port-au-Prince, Leogane, Jacmel, a part of the Department of the West and South-East of Haiti (Jacmel). (Bank Holiday)
February 7 (all five) Inauguration of President-elect
April 7 Memory of Toussaint Louverture , the precursor of the independence
May 1 Day of Agriculture and Labour
May 18 Flag Day and University
June 27 Our Lady of Perpetual Help, Patroness of Haiti
August 15 Our Lady of the Assumption
October 17 Memory of Jean-Jacques Dessalines , Father of the Nation
November 1 All Saints
November 2 Commemoration of Souls Day of the Dead
November 18 Vertires battle , last battle of the war of independence
December 25 Nativity of Jesus Christ

Codes

Haiti has the code:

References

  1. Article 4 of the Constitution of the Republic of Haiti : "The national motto is: Freedom - Equality - Fraternity"
  2. Articles Santo Domingo, Hispaniola and Haiti's Universal Dictionary of History and Geography by Marie-Nicolas Bouillet, 1878 edition, available on the site gallica
  3. The Oxford Dictionary of Proper Names - 2007 Edition.
  4. The The Navasse is considered a Minor Outlying Islands United States but is nanmois claimed by Haiti.
  5. See also

    Bibliography

    • Georges Anglade , Chronicle of a hope. The weekly Georges Anglade (2007-2008), Port-au-Prince, The Printer II Collection Music Madness, 2008.
    • Andr-Marcel d'Ans, Haiti. Landscape and Society, Paris, Editions Karthala, 1987.
    • Grard Barthlemy and Christian Girault (ed.), The Republic of Haiti. Situation and Prospects, Paris, Karthala / Adec, 1993.
    • Paul Butel, Histoire des Antilles French XVII - XX century, Perrin 2002 ISBN 2-262-01540-6
    • Jacques Cauna, At the time of the sugar islands. Story of a plantation in Santo Domingo in the eighteenth century, Paris, Karthala, 1987.
    • Robert Cornevin, Haiti, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1982, 2nd edition, 1993.
    • Charles Frostin, white revolts in Santo Domingo in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2008.
    • Laennec Hurbon, Understanding Haiti. Essay on the state, nation, culture, Paris, Editions Karthala, 1987.
    • Laennec Hurbon, Culture and dictatorship in Haiti, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1979.
    • (In) Michael S. Laguerre, The Military and Society in Haiti, London, Macmillan, 1993.
    • Guy Lasserre, Paul Moral, Pierre Usselman (ed.), Atlas of Haiti, University of Bordeaux 3, Centre of Tropical Geography, 1985.
    • Antoine Mtral, History of the French expedition to Santo Domingo, Paris, Editions Karthala, 1985.
    • Moreau de St. Mery , Description topographic, physical, civic, political and history of the French island of St. Domingo, Philadelphia, Paris, Hamburg, 1797-1798 (reprint, 3 volumes, Paris, French Society of History Overseas, 1984).
    • Jack Claude Nezat The Nezat And Allied Families 1630-2007 Lulu 2007 ISBN 978-2-9528339-2-9 , ISBN 978-0-615-15001-7
    • Roger Riou, "Farewell the turtle."
    • Lyonel Trouillot, "yanvalou For Charlie" - the twentieth century.

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