French Quebec
| French Quebec | |
|---|---|
| Spoken at |  Canada |
| Region | Mainly in Quebec , as in parts of Manitoba , from New Brunswick and the Ontario United States In Florida , in Maine , in New Hampshire and Vermont |
| Number of speakers | 9411608 |
change  | |
Quebec French or Quebec French is the variety of the French language spoken by the majority of francophones in Canada , mainly by Quebecers. In general, as the relics of history or identity issue, it is sometimes referred to as its hypernym " French Canadian ". In all cases, however, to distinguish sociolects which in some senses, are hyponyms of Canadian French, such as the Acadian French and Newfoundland French , who are linguistically distinct and have different origins, and the French Ontario and New Brunswick French , who have the same origins but were differentiated in the wake of the Quiet Revolution .
Quebec French has some regional varieties including slang , a dialect of standard slang. The use of regionalism in the records frequently familiar or popular language. French is taught in Quebec schools with normal lexical acceptances for the realities and concepts specific to their culture and world reference in North America. The Office de la langue French working to develop the French language and supports some features that can sometimes differ with the European use but without dismissing them.
On the other hand, the French used in Quebec includes the east part of the influences that come from the Acadian population living such as the Magdalen Islands in Quebec where French is also used .
Quebec French is also used by large minorities speaking regions in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Manitoba , and by the small francophone communities in New Hampshire and Vermont , the United States. According to some authors, the French spoken in Madawaska , a separate region between New Brunswick and Maine , would Quebec French whereas according to others it would be a mixture of French Acadian and Quebec French .
Summary |
History
The basis of French Quebec is French popular Paris of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Although settlers from different regions and speak different dialects , they find themselves very close to each other and must then be understood among neighbors. With the arrival of Roy's daughters , orphaned Parisian intended to marry and Canadian settlers to populate New France, French people from Paris has emerged as the koine of the country , so that when the British conquest of 1763 over 80% of French settlers speak a French locally standardized, uniform language that France officially do not access until 1910.
It was long believed it was based on the languages ol regional as Norman or Saintongeais or the Gallo , but this "mirage" was the product of methodological errors . If French Quebec has its origins in the language of eighteenth century Paris, the common belief that his lexicon, pronunciation and prosody would have remained unaltered proves false: French Quebec, like France, is a language dynamic that has evolved and found its own inflections in sociolinguistic interaction with an environment strongly influenced by the English language.
Locked in a unilingual anglophone (with a minority Amerindian), Quebec French language has always been influenced theoretically exposed to a threat of extinction. However, the pressures and demands of the French in the 1970s , led the federal government of Canada to develop policies of bilingualism for the services of the Canadian state as well as labeling and packaging of goods and services Canadian trade. As for the Quebec government , he gave a Charter of the French Language (commonly called " Law 101 ") in 1977, which declares the French language in Quebec, working in commercial signage and education immigrants. It was a real turning point as regards the protection of the language.
Social image and language policy
Standard
Schools of thoughts are heard on the definition of the standard of French Quebec. While supporters of a standard intraqubcoise (which some call "endogenous") wish to create a standard focuses primarily on the referents Quebecois Quebecois and the uses of good behavior, proponents of the European standard (the "exogenous") prefer to follow the French in Quebec in any material (vocabulary, borrowing, pronunciation, terminology, etc..) European French manner. Between these positions, the Office de la langue French seeks to reconcile these two poles of development by working on the development of French language in Quebec in respect of the linguistic system and the requirements of the situation of French language and orientation the incumbent to use its mission. The Board is thus linked to the "managers" who recognize the benefits and the right to use the peculiarities of French Quebec, while demonstrating the importance of being understood by the rest of the Francophonie.
In addition to various publications, the Bank of troubleshooting Language (BDL) and the Grand terminological dictionary (SLM) are the main electronic works that the Office de la langue French (OLF) is available to the public. Following the recommendations contained therein, they serve as guides to understanding the government standard on Quebec French. It should be noted that we often see that Quebec is somewhat ahead of France's development neologisms, in computer terminology among others.
Since the creation of the Office de la langue French in the early 1960s , various research groups were created to study the French language used in Quebec.
The Society of French speaking Canada, under the rule of Adjutor Rivard, launched in the early twentieth century the first studies focusing on the reality of the French language in French Canada. In the years 1965-1980, a team from Laval University, under the direction of Gaston Dulong seconded by Gaston Bergeron, undertook throughout Quebec linguistic investigations that led to the publication of the Linguistic Atlas of Eastern Canada - The popular speech in Quebec and neighboring regions (1980). This descriptive work remains to this day, with more than 650 000 responses and ratings of 10 volumes totaling 5,000 pages the most impressive work dedicated to the description of the popular French spoken in America. In addition, the team of Treasury of the French language in Quebec (TLFQ) of Laval University was established in year 1970 by Prof. Marcel Juneau and Claude Poirier to create a scientific infrastructure in linguistics, establish a program of historical research on Quebec French, contribute to the creation of a research community in Quebec and historical lexicography published specialized studies on the history of French in Quebec .
The research group Franqui (French Quebec: use standard) of the University of Sherbrooke in collaboration with the TLFQ and the Office de la langue French (OLF), published the "Dictionary of French - French view of Quebec. " After several postponements, the draft should be brought online in September 2009. This Manager's dictionary is in its original version, the first of its kind in the French language. It is designed in its entirety, by research groups from outside the city of Paris ( France ) and is the first dictionary original, entirely in Quebec. Several issues were recounted to justify the development of this project including the one where "the usual dictionaries used in Quebec are not adapted to the Quebec context and North American" .
Legislation
The Charter of the French language is the primary law establishing the language policy in Quebec and the rights of every individual to use French in Quebec. In his first article, it states that French is the official language of Quebec. The Act on Consumer Protection is one of many other laws that make French the language used in Quebec.
Given the sociocultural context of the time, lawmakers created the Charter of Rights and Freedoms which the object language provisions were essential aim of protecting French in Quebec that his letter will prevent any form of discrimination in respect of any language. His mind however, allows positive discrimination , in particular cases, to those with the requisite knowledge in French. In 1982, Article 10.1 was also added to the Charter to prohibit all forms of harassment on the grounds of language, such as derogatory comments and jokes continued, particularly with regard to language differences.
To ensure the influence of French in Quebec, the National Assembly created the following government agencies: the Office de la langue French (OLF), the Geographical Names Board of Quebec and the Superior Council of French. The latter institution was awarded the Ordre des francophones d'Amrique , a decoration for the efforts of individuals who contribute "to the maintenance and vitality of the language of French America .
On the other hand, the OLF is a reference for other governments of North America as well as private companies in the translation and publication in French. It works more with other government agencies, boards and organizations in the implementation of programs providing services in French in America, such as the National Society of Acadia.
Other departments of the Government of Quebec also ensure the expansion of French in North America, including the Ministry of Culture, Communications and the Status of Women , the Canadian Intergovernmental Affairs Secretariat and the Department of International Relations. In their respective jurisdictions, they provide for the promotion of French from Quebec and foreign agencies, including through reciprocal agreements.
Tutoiement
Francophones in Quebec use the second person pronoun "you" so often. This practice is often described as tracing the use of English "you" , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . The "you" is influenced by the French also exists, and appears even more common in the spoken language of Quebecers that the Acadians used where "you" even with strangers is outside the norms .
In this way, both forms are frequently used in everyday language but rarely appear in writing. For example, the use of "you" in advertising or in employee-customer relationships can be an invitation to reconciliation and to establishing a friendly relationship or human superficial.
At the same time, the "you" would be used by any age of the person to whom it is addressed or to demonstrate greater respect. However, it is customary to use "vous" please "to the people we tu .
There is a movement that attempts to reintroduce the "you" friendly, such as requiring students to call teachers Sir or Madam and the formal address, which re-establish a certain distance and a certain respect, lost the use of tu.
Using anglicisms
The anglicisms used in everyday language daily is one of the causes of the difference in French with other Quebec sociolects French. Quebec tends to integrate anglicisms because of its proximity to the Anglo-Saxon and a gradual result of four centuries of living alongside English. It is customary to use anglicisms, which are mostly different from those used in the rest of the Francophonie.
Various types of anglicisms exist: full, hybrid, semantic, syntactic, morphological and phraseological .
While anglicisms full resume both the letter and the meaning of an English word (eg "boyfriend" to "friend" and "little-buddy"), their hybrids Anglicisms add a French element, both in their pronunciation as in their training (eg, "checker" to "verify" or "look" and "spotter" to "monitor").
Anglicisms semantics are, for their part, existing of the words in French which is given to them in certain situations, the meaning of an English word having the same root. They are thus used as synonyms Competitive other French words. For example, the verb "send" exists in French in the sense of issuing words (eg, send a note to someone), but, probably under the influence of the English word "to address" is sometimes used in the sense of caring about something (eg send a problem).
Anglicisms are syntactic arrangements of French words in which the construction of the set reproduces the English structure in employment, either a preposition or conjunction, or word order (eg 'sit on a committee " layer "to put something a committee" instead of "sitting on a committee," and "a short three weeks," layer "Three weeks is short," instead of "three short weeks"). Sometimes these anglicisms add further clarification to the meaning of French words (eg "the second best player" layer "The second best player," instead of "second player").
The morphological anglicisms are literal translations of a word or an English expression, to create an equivalent expression in French and, in this case, to enrich the language there. They incorporate the time element and the evolution of society in creating neologisms. The English model is then translated into French with the meaning that applies in English. For example, according to the Bank of linguistic breakdown of the Office de la langue French (OLF), the term "long distance" would be copied from the English phrase "long distance call," while the correct French expression is "long distance". However, certain phrases translated from English can sometimes be quite consistent with the French language on the structure and meaning, as if they were created directly from French (eg "weekend" for "weekend" "direct deposit" for "direct deposit" and "North American" for "North American'').
Anglicisms phraseological refer to the picture and the poetry of the English language, in its particular vision of the world and its way of reality. For example, the term "slip away" come from the expression "to" Take the French Leave "(literally," to start French "), but was adapted to the specific images to the French fact. Similarly, the term "French Canadian" would be translated as "French Canadian", thus conforming to the image that the English have developed in the nineteenth century, the definition of what constitutes a "Canadian."
Anglicisms to lexical and other equivalents are often recommended by the OLF. These preferred terms are thus used in standard French ministries and agencies. For example, a production written school incorporating the following sentence: "The car is parked in the parking lot, should be corrected by" The car is parked in the parking lot. "
On the other hand, the French "standard" Quebec is different from the language of the State, regulated mainly by the recommendations of the OLF, and language use in society, to own meanings and perspectives of each individual and group . The debate on the standard the standard of the French language in Quebec and remains at the center of Quebec French, with arguments relating to the origin (Latin or first use), heritage language, customs, the character and the will implied, etc.. Therefore, while some groups consider some expressions as anglicisms, other groups consider to be entirely in accordance with the French language. For example, some social groups francophones in Quebec tend to generalize some of the anglicized French terms, in recent years, however, which are well established and legitimized for the years 1900-1920 to replace the same English words. Although the Office de la langue French recommends other words to use, so it is the English term "weekend" (Anglicized as "weekend") which tends to compete with the term "weekend "as the term" shopping "is deprecated in favor of" shopping " .
Profanity
Swearing the most prominent are composed of various terms related to the Catholic Church. They are commonly called "sacred" and are considered blasphemous and irreverent when used indiscriminately. They have a historic as they come from a frustration and a kind of social rebellion and transparent vis--vis the Catholic Church, it has been so many decades. Several other words with religious connotations are sometimes used, but are not regarded as blasphemy or foul language, although it is not necessarily advisable to place them in a polite and civilized conversation. Indeed, for some people, they should never be used because many people consider to be an insult to religion and thus are sensitive to them, even in a context of jokes or factual explanations. In some municipalities, if used against a peace officer or to the death in a public place, they may even be a violation of law and order and peace and contravention be punishable by .
Characteristic of French Quebec, the same blasphemous words are often modified and used as adverbial, exclamatory, name, qualification and verbal, according to the instant of time. They give a meaning to a specific context without giving the same meaning in another situation. Moreover, they are sometimes combined with each other to reinforce either the expression of emotions of an individual or any passage in a sentence. In some situations, they may even lead to crazy situations, depending on the combination of words, meaning, or when to use them.
Usually they are used in a context of dissatisfaction, anger and frustration, although they are also used in situations of joy, surprise, etc.. Their meaning and their striking force can be mitigated in various ways, including by keeping a small reserve before finishing the pronunciation of a word or adding or changing its suffix.
Historical references
Expressions, still valid, refer to the history dating back to the early estates of New France 400 years ago and, more particularly, to navigation in the St. Lawrence River and its tributaries. For example, the seigneurial system, it is customary to speak of a building located on the bank of a watercourse (lakes, rivers, etc..) As having its front pointing towards the water, despite the location of the road. While it is customary to speak of non-residential bordering as having their front pointing towards the road.
Similarly, management of the waters of Saint Lawrence serves as comprehensive reference orientation, within the limits of its watershed. Thus, as the river flows from west to east, it is customary to say that a person "down" to a city where it is located farther east, so downstream from the location of that person (eg, from Montreal to Quebec). Conversely, it is customary to say that someone "up" to a city where it is located further west, so upstream (eg Sept-Iles in Quebec). So it was naming the principle of Lower Canada, downstream of Upper Canada, while its topography was higher and its location, further north.
Other situations, such as the Saguenay and the Abitibi region, located further down the river, leading to a benchmark based depending on the location of the crossing of the St. Lawrence River and its tributaries. For example, for its historical significance, a person will rise to Quebec at Chicoutimi puisqu'autrefois it was down to the Saguenay River and thence up the river to Quebec. A person to descend Rouyn-Noranda in Quebec for his part, because she had to follow the Ottawa River to Lake of Two Mountains and thence down the river to Quebec.
The orientation to the cardinal points is mainly used in situations that are more local, regional or, where no river can be used as a benchmark (eg a person to go up in Montreal in the Laurentians, north). This orientation is also where one of the landmarks is located outside the watershed of the St. Lawrence. For example, when a person falls in the South, it is understood that it is in the southern United States, the Caribbean or Mexico. Conversely, when it rises in the North, it is implied that she goes to a location in the region of Northern Quebec.
Other expressions have the same historical origins. Some are mainly based on navigation, including the words 'ship' (eg: pick up car), "land" (eg making a landing), "boat" (ie miss the boat), etc.. While others are based on the life in forests and agricultural lands, as the words 'log' (eg to pull a log, to invite someone to sit) and "block" (eg : block a door, with reference to the bar set into the doors of barns). While expressions are based on relations of Quebecers with Aboriginal people (eg names, such as the origin of the word "Quebec" and the phrase " Kingdom of Saguenay ", etc..), other expressions are for share based on the geographical location and climate of Quebec in addition to incorporating poetic images, as in the phrase: "He falls rabbit legs" (to indicate that snow) or: "He falls skins Hare Structural characteristics The phonetic characteristics vary by region. For example, in Montreal or Ottawa , means more than words with long vowels and Quebec City ("post" is pronounced in Quebec , in Montreal). Similarly, "arrests" said in Quebec in Montreal. "Whale" will be ic international "class =" IPA "style =" font-family: 'DejaVu Sans',' Doulos SIL ',' Lucida Grande ',' Segoe UI ',' Arial Unicode MS ',' Adobe Std Pi ',' Lucida Sans Unicode ',' Unicode Chrysanthi 'Code2000, Gentium, GentiumAlt' TITUS Cyberbit Basic ',' Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Kaku Gothic Pro Hiragino', 'Matrix Unicode', sans-serif "> in Montreal. The area of Three Rivers looks at first sight to have even more words to long vowels. For example, in addition to the preceding words as spoken in Montreal, we There is sometimes found instead of in Quebec City and Montreal. Some affixes are more common in Quebec than in France. For example, the suffix "-them", a nominalizer which often brings a sense pejorative "suck tteux " " fooling stupid", " Ostina butting", " poteux pot." This comes from the Norman dialect Syntax In general, the Quebec French writing uses the same standards as other common French speaking states. The Office de la langue French (OLF) is working with the French Academy and government agencies in other countries of the Francophonie. The Office promotes French first use in respect of the particularities of the French fact in Quebec. The official vocabulary regularized and proposed by the Quebec Office of the French language in Quebec is to be used in official documents and school. We will say for example, "Email is an alternative to chat" rather than "The emails are an alternative to the cat." Other examples: "snowbank", "convenience", "shopping", "college", "podcast", etc.. There are oral some uses that are not also own the popular French Quebec. For example, some words have a different kind (eg a "job" in Quebec, and a "job" in France) and the "ne" which marks the negative is often absent (Example: "Do not do it "becomes either" Y should not do that, "or simply" must not do that "). OQLF recommend the feminization of function names (like "professor", "author", "Mayor", etc..). Belgium, Switzerland and finally France followed this path in Quebec after years and use is not yet established anywhere, the French Academy had shown without doubt the most conservative in this matter Verbs There are some differences in the verbal structure. For the verb "sit", the conjugation "oi" is much more common in Quebec that "ie" or "ey" ("I sit" instead of "I sit", "sit "instead of" sit down "). On the other hand, the verb "hate" is usually coupled with "I hate" / ai / (the word has two syllables ) rather than "I hate" / / (with one syllable), although this is not attested. In Quebec, it is common to say "Do not you mucha" instead of "(do) not worry." Except in the register maintained, the verb "be" the first person goes by the contraction chu (reminiscent chui - I am + - used in the spoken language of French metropolitan), followed by a word beginning with a vowel, it causes a connection to t "Ch't'un patient guy," "Ch't'arriv. A t is also often inserted after the second person singular: "unites You guys T' patient" or even a custom you (familiarly, toe) at the end: "unites You guys T' patient Toe. Is is pronounced Particle "you" The particle "you" is often used in colloquial speech when you ask a direct question (the answer can be yes or no) to someone . The "you" is then the role of an adverb question or exclamation. This "you" comes from the "Ti" interrogative particle language popular in France from the '(-) t "of the 3rd person verbal attached to the pronoun" he "as in" Do any there others? Or "Should we be mad? "Gradually losing the" l "as in" Is not it possible "and putting himself in sentences that do not require indirect pronoun 'there'. Therefore, this particle "you" (considered as a particle in its own right and not as a personal pronoun in this context) or exclamation mark turns into a sentence without it would simply be an affirmation. In this sense, the spoken Quebec approaches sometimes so typological, languages that bridge the parameter questioning by the insertion of a particle: or intonation rising on the last syllable of the sentence so, without anticipating the response by the addition of the words "yes" or "no" to the end of the sentence: The use of the particle you in a sentence together with the "you" is not usually used, but sometimes can meet this purpose, usually condemned in the regional varieties. For example: But the use of the particle you in sentences where the "you" is not the pronoun that combines the verb is often used in spoken French and its use is generally accepted. For example: Against a person that is not known, it instead uses the general form to avoid the appearance of familiar. Examples: In spoken language, the "worse" (derived from "then") generally replaces the word "and". Also in the spoken language, the use of "there" very often punctuates the end of sentence or after a word is added, or both at once. In addition, the "there" can sometimes be doubled in the vernacular. The preposition "to" is often used in possessive contexts, as in French of France : "the car to Peter" instead of "the car of Peter." In many cases, speakers use the preposition Quebecois prefer to instead use a non-prepositional phrase with this: for example, morning or evening instead of morning and evening. Note also at this time, pronounced and sometimes written or asteure astheure for now, we can find in the writings of Queneau or Montaigne. This use is considered to familiar and not used in written language. The combination of the preposition on contracts when it is followed by a definite article : the the + sul; on the + or sua SA (a is elongated) on the + SSS (the e is long). The preposition in is also subject to contraction: in the + dins in the DANL + in + the dan (the vowel is lengthened), sometimes in a + dun. Tell a familiar, a is used instead of it: A m'narve! It annoys me!. Y or i is also used in place of it, they, or them, as in France during the French: Y are crazy. is sometimes used is: crazy, or even a "" long can take the place of "she". Examples: "it does not," quickly becomes "not want to." These uses were common in the French of the seventeenth century and are therefore not characteristic of French Quebec, but a French who has simply been forgotten by the French from France. It is common to say here, at home and at home instead of at home, at home or at his / her, even if the person lives alone. The pronoun "we" is used as the subject (oral) in the register maintained. Rather, "we" is used. Thus, "We'll supper," thought "Let's supper." "What shall we do tonight? "Becomes" What are we doing to night? "And then" What can we do to night? . It is also the case in metropolitan French spoken. In speaking, it is also common to omit the subject when using the verb to be and there is no ambiguity. For example, are "beautiful" for "they are beautiful. It is also the case regarding the removal of the optional subject with some impersonal verbs: "(y) is not" for "should not" "(y) fail person" for "there is no shortage person". Quebec French is nonexistent in the "if" refuting a question formulated in the negative. Thus he begins formulating typological language using a special prefix marking a statement in response to a denial, as the word German "doch". Conversely, it is closer to the languages which take a single adverb of affirmation which is added a mark of surprise, as in the phrase "Oh! yes! ". Quebec French has a variety of records, ranging from French official, heavily influenced by modern European and French with phonetic features erased, though preserving many traits strongly Quebecois to slang. Quebec French was once stigmatized, among Quebecers themselves as among the French and English in Europe, as a low-class dialect, sometimes due to the use of Anglicisms, sometimes simply because of its differences 'with the European French, seen as the reference. Until 1968 , it had no intention of Quebec French vocabulary in the plays, for example, and this year, the huge success of the play of Michel Tremblay , Les Belles-Soeurs , proved to be a turning. Today, however, francophones in Quebec have much more freedom to choose a "register" in speaking and television characters are almost always talking about "real" everyday French rather than "official." In Europe, French Quebec is seen as a language difficult to understand. Hence the presence of subtitles in some films shown in Quebec French-speaking Europe. Significant regional differences exist when comparing parts of Quebec. Most noticeable differences when comparing urban and rural areas ; They are inclined in some cases to the use of Anglicisms , of archaisms or terms that are not present in the vocabulary of speakers of major cities. For example, a "coat" to designate a "cloak" or "plow" to refer to a "scratch" ( plow ). However, these terms are often widely understood by all and it is difficult to determine if a specific regional case. Nevertheless, there are some very special local exceptions, such as the use of the term "Rallies" to define the trunk of a tree at Les Chenaux. Phonology and phonetics
Vowels
Morphology
"worse"
"there"
Prepositions
Pronouns
Querying negative
Quebec French lexicon
Changes in regional and sociolinguistic
Variations sociolinguistic
Regional Variations
Varieties
Relatives and neighbors Language
Varieties of French regional
Languages Mixed and Creoles derived from French (NA and the Caribbean )
References
Related articles
External Links
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