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Langues_Germaniques

Germanic languages
Region at the origin: northern Germany today, southern Scandinavia and then Northwest Europe , Central Europe , Scandinavia , the coasts of the Baltic Sea , islands of the North Atlantic ; global expansion thereafter
Classification by family
Language codes
ISO 639-2 gem
ISO 639-5 gem
IETF gem
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Germanic languages are Indo-European languages. The study of these languages is called Germanics. They were first spoken by the Germanic peoples who originally lived north-east border of the Roman Empire. These languages share several unique features, including significant changes consonant described by the laws of Grimm and Verner (which one can add the second consonant shift to the Old High German ), and a large lexicon composed of radicals not Indo-European.

Germanic languages currently spoken most are those of the western branch , namely the English , the German , the Dutch and Afrikaans , and the Scandinavian languages , mainly Swedish , the Danish and Norwegian.

Summary

List and classification

This classification will not, however, unanimity among linguists. In the nineteenth century , some ( Adeling J. , R. Rask , J. Grimm , A. Schleicher ) considering a different distribution. Writing

Some of the older Germanic languages used a runic alphabet suited to their needs. The use of runes, however, remained fairly limited. East Germanic languages were, in turn, served the Gothic alphabet of Wulfila , mainly translations of the Bible into Gothic .

It was later that the Christian priests and monks of Germanic origin, who used Latin in addition to their mother tongue , began using the Latin alphabet to write their own language.

It had to do this, expand capacity, after all reduced to the Latin alphabet, by developing the use of diacritics (the umlaut in German : , , , the round head in Swedish , Danish and Norwegian : , etc..) of ligatures ( in Old English , in Icelandic , Danish and Norwegian eszett in German, etc..) of digraphs (ch in English, Dutch, German, etc.., sh in English, sch in German, Dutch, etc..) and additional letters (thorn edh and in Old English and Icelandic, yogh and wynn Old English, etc.)..

See also Transcript of Germanic languages.

Vocabulary

Examples of words like in English , Old English , Dutch , German , Low German , West Frisian , Swedish , Danish , Norwegian , Icelandic , Old Norse and Scots.

French English Old English Dutch German Low German Frisian Swedish Danish Norwegian Icelandic Old Norse Faroese Scots
be (verb) To Be wesan / beon zijn within ween syn / wze vara t at vre vre ad vera ad vera Has vera To Be
I I am I eom / beo ik ben ich bin ik bun ik bin jag r jeg er jeg er Eg er k st eg eri Ic am / A'm
you're you are Thu eart / bist I / u bent du bist Bust bist dou the AR the st the st Thu ert Thu ERTT t ert thoo art
it is He Is He Is / bid hij IS er ist He Is HY IS han r Han er Han er Hann er Hann er Hann er He Is
we we are weekends sind (on) / bo weekends zijn wir sind wi sund wy Binne vi r vi er vi er vid serum vid erm saw eru we are
you you are GE sind (on) / bo u / I bent ihr seid ji sund Jimme / jo Binne nor r I. dere er Thida Erud Thida erd tit eru ye are
they are They Are hie sind (on) / bo zij zijn sie sind sund is HJA / sy Binne Ar ER ER Their eru Their eru Teir eru thay are
I I I me / mij mich / mir mi my mig mig meg mig mig mig I
you you Thu jou / I dich / dir di dy dig dig deg thig thig teg thee
him HIM ahem ahem ihr / ihm ehr HIM honom ham ham honom hannom Hann him / im
it Her Her haar ihre ehr Hjar henne Hende henne (s) neigh neigh Hon Her
we us uss ons each each Us oss bone oss okkr OSSR okkum us / hus
you you ye I / u sie ji Jimme / jo or jer of thig thig tykkum ye
them em Them ze / zij sie is Hjar / yen dem dem dem a Thm teimum Thaima
my my mine mijn mein mine Minen min min min mn minn mn my
tone your Thine Jouw dein dien DINEN din (e) / DITT din (e) / words din (e) / DITT Thinn Thinn tin tha
its history history zijn seine his sinen hans / sin hans / sin hans Hanns hans Hansar history
its Her Her haar ihre ehr hjarres henne Hende henne (s) neigh neigh hennara Her
our o Ure ons unser each Uzes vr vort, vor vr okkr OSSR okkar oor
your your ower Jouw / uw euer juun jimmies / Jouw eder Jerez deres Thin Geirr tykkara yer
their Their thermal Hun seine jmmehr hjarres / sinen deres deres deres eirr eirr teirra Thair
go to go gn gaan gehen HLTF Gean g t at g g ad ganga ad ganga Has ganga to gae / gang
come to come cuman komen kommen kamen komme komma t at komme kome ad koma ad koma Has koma to cam
have To Have habban hebben haben hebben hawwie t ha Have any ha Hafa ad Hafa ad Has hava to hae
do (make) To Do gift doen tun doon dwaen gra t Has Gore gjre ad gera ad gjra Has gera to dae
do (make) to make Macian maken machen maken meitsje gra t Has Gore gjre ad gera ad gjra Has gera to mak
take to hold healdan houden halten Hollen dump t hall Has holde holde Ad Halda Holda ad Has Hodd to haud
love love lufu lief (de) Liebe Leevde leafde lska / Krlek Elske / krlig Elske / kjrlig elska elska elska / krleiki love
apple Apple ppel call Apfel Call apel pple Aebli eple unfolded unfolded unfolded AIPLA
fish fish taxman screw / plug (e) Fisch Fisch fisk fisk fisk fisk fiskur fiskr fiskur fish
wolf wolf wulf wolf Wolf Wulf wolf ulv ulv ulv lfur lfr lvur wulf
fox fox fox your Fuchs Voss Foks rav Raev rev refur refr revur fox
horse Horse / pard Off paard Pferd Peerd snaps / paerd Polearms hest hest Hestur Hestra Hestur pard
cat cat catt (e) kat Katze katt kat Katt kat katt kttur kattr kattur cat
Bear bear bera beer Br Baar, Boor bear bjrn bjrn bjrn bjrn bjrn bjrn bear
dog dog / hound hund hond Hund Hund Dogge / HUN hund hund hund hundur hunnr hundur hound
boy boy cnaf Jongen, Knaap Knabe, Junge joong BOAI jonge pojke Drenge / knaegt Gutt drengur drengr drongur boy
girl girl Maegd meisje Mdchen Deern Famke Flicka Freelance / jenta pike stelpa stjlpa genta girl
virgin but mth Maagd Mdchen magd Maegd / Faam piga stuepige stuepike pika piga kona maid
book book boc boek Buch Book boek bok bog bok bok bok bok Beuk
father father Faed vader Vater Vadder heite fader / far fader fader / far fair Fadri FADJI FITH
mother mother Commodore moeder Mutter Modder Mudder Member moder / mor moder moder / mor modir modir Modji mother
son its sunu zoon Sohn Shn soan its sn Tone sonur sonr sonur his / sen
daughter (descending) daughter dohtor dochter Tochter Dochter dochter dotter date date dottie dttri dottie dochter
brother Brother bror Broeder Bruder Embroider Broer Embroidery / Bror Embroidery / Bror Embroidery / Bror embroider Brodr brir Brother
sister sister sweostor Zuster Schwester Swest, Suster Suster Syster Soster Soster system Systra system sister
zero (0) zero / naught naht null null null null noll null null null null null Zero
one (1) one n n eins een ien in in in einn einn EITT one / one
two (2) Two Twa twee zwei twee Twa Tv to to tveir tveir tvey Twa
three (3) Three threo drie drei dree TRij be be be rr rr try Thrie / thre
four (4) oven fower January January veer fjouwer fyra fire fire fjrir fjrir fyra oven fowr
five (5) five fif Vijf fnf FIEV Fife emf emf emf FIMM FIMM FIMM FIF / FYVE
six (6) six SIEX zes sechs sos seis sex seks seks sex seks seks Sex / sax
seven (7) seven seofon zeven sieben sben Sn SJU syv SJU Sj Sj sjey Sevin
eight (8) eight eahta acht acht acht acht tta eet Atte Atta Atta Atta EGHT / eicht
nine (9) nine Nigon negen neun negen njoggen nio or or niu niu nggju nyn / Neyn
ten (10) ten yours yours zehn tein chien tio ti ti tiu tiu tggju ten
King king cyning koning Knig Knig Kening kung Konge Konge knungur knungr Kongur king
Queen queen cwn Koningin Knigin Knigin keningin Drottning Dronning Dronning Drottning drotning Drottning CWAN
who? who? hwa? wie? wer? wer? wa't? vem? HVEM? HVEM? hver? hverr? hver? wha?
what? what? hwt? wat? was? was? wat? vad? hvad? hva? hva? hvat? hvat? what?
where? where? hwr? Waar? wo? wo? wer? var? hvor? hvor? hvar? hvaan? hvar? whaur?
when? when? Hwon? Wannee? wann? wann? wannear't? nar? hvornr? nr? hvenr? hvanr? nr? whan?
how? how? hu? hoe? wie? wie? hoe't? hur? hvordan? hvordan? hversu? hverrso? hvussu? hou / how?
Why? Why? hw ? waarom? warum? warum, wieso? wrom varfr? hvorfor? hvorfor? hver vegna? HVI? HVI? whey / why?
blood blood blod bloed Blut Bloot bloed blod blod blod blod blod bl blood
bread bread bread brood Brot Broota brea brod Brd Brd Braud Braud brey Breid
Gold (metal) gold Guld goud Gold Gold goud Guld gold gull gull gull gylt gold
winter winter winter winter Winter Winter winter vinter vinter vinter Vetura Vettre Vetura wynter
water water wter water Wasser Water wetter vatten vand vann Vatn Vatn Vatn watter
talk to speak sprcan spreken sprechen sprekke snacken t snack Has Snagga snakke ad spjalla ad spjlla Has spjalla to speik
oneself Self Self zelf Selbst slve salts sjlv selv selv sjlf sjlf sjlvur salt
mean to mean andgitan menen meinen Meenen miene t led any leads led ad Meina ad Meina Has Meina to Meain
half half halve half halb halve, half heal halvah halvah halvah halvah halvt hlvt half
live to live libban leven leben leven libjs t up Has leve leve ad lifa ad lifa Has Liva to LYVE
glass glass Glaeser knell Knell Knell Rules knell knell glass settle knell knell glass
injury wound wundian / sar wond Wunder Wunna / Smarr wa sar sar sar Sr sarr Saera wound
duty (verb) must to Mustan moeten mssen mten Moatti t master Has matte my ad m ad masta Has masta to MOST
need Need urf nood (Be) darf / Notigi Berief Noad nod nod nod Neyde / rf neggja / urf noyast neid
duty to "shall" skullan zullen sollen sullen sille t skull Has skulle skulle ad skull ad skull at skul to sall
weapon weapon Wapan Wapen Waffe Wapen wapp vapen Vabene vapen Vopni vapn vapn wapyn
good good god goed gut goot goed god god god gur Godri gur guid
Tomorrow Tomorrow aetmorgon morgen Morgen Morgen oaremoarn i morgon i morgen i morgen i Morgun i Morgner Morgin i morn
morning Morning Morning morgen Morgen Morgen moarn morgon morgen morgen Morgun Morgner Morgin morn
young young Geong jong jung jung jong unga unge ung ung ungr ungur yong
old old eald oud alt oolt Ald gammal (Aldrees) gamle (ldre) gammel (eldre) gamall (ELDR) gamall (ellri) Gamal (Eldir) ould
boat ship skip schip Schiffe Schipp skip SKEPP skip skip skip skip skip schip
break break brcan brechen breken breken Brekke Bryte / Brcke bryde Bryte ad brjta ad brjta Has brot to Brek
learn learn lernan leren lernen Lehren lear lara Has Laere Laere ad Laera ad Laera Has Laera to learn
see see scean zien s (i) ehen sehen sjen t is Has to ad sja ad sja Has sggja sie / see
give GIVE giefan geven geben geven jaan Giva t / ge Has GIVE gi ad gefa ad gefa Has Giva ogy to
ice ice IS ijs Eis Ies iis IS IS IS s s s ise
Dining to eat sealing eten essen eeten ite t Ata Has Chanter was ad estab ad estab Has eta to summer / eit
drink to drink drinkan drinken trinken drinken drink t Drick Has Drikker Drikker ad drekka ad drekka Has drekka to drynk

References

  1. Ludwig Erich Schmitt (Hrsg.): Germanischer Dialektologie. Franz Steiner, Wiesbaden 1968, p. 143
  2. Fausto Cercignani , The Development Of The Gothic Alphabet and Orthography, in "Indogermanische Forschungen", 93, 1988, pp. 168-185.
  3. Georges Kersaudy Languages without borders. Discovering the languages of Europe 118-119 ps

See also

External Links


Modern Germanic languages
Northern Germanic languages
Western Faroese Icelandic Norwegian Nynorsk
Oriental Danish Norwegian bokml Swedish
West Germanic languages
Anglo-Frisian English Frisian ( Western , Eastern , Northern ) Scots
Lower Franconian Afrikaans Flemish Limburg Netherlands Zealanders
Low German Achterhooks Lower Saxony Lower Saxony Netherlands Drents Low Saxon Eastern Frisia (in) Groningse Plautdietsch Sallaands Tweants Veluws Westphalian
High German
Middle German German Francique Mosel Rhine Francique Francique Rhine Lorraine Palatine Francique Ripuarian a href = "Haut_saxon" class = "new" title = "Upper Saxon (non-existent page)"> Back Saxon Klsch Luxembourg Pennsylvania German Silesian Wilamowicien
German Higher Alemn coloniero Alsatian Bavarian Cimbrian Mochena Swabian Swiss German
Yiddish Yiddish


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