Espagnol
| Spanish or Castilian Espaol castellano or | |
|---|---|
| Spoken in |  Argentina  Belize  Bolivia  Chile  Colombia  Costa Rica  Cuba  Ecuador  Spain  Equatorial Guinea  Guatemala  Honduras  Mexico  Nicaragua  Panama  Paraguay  Peru  Puerto Rico  Dominican Republic  Salvador  Uruguay  Venezuela  Philippines (until 1987 ) |
| Number of speakers | 400 million , - 500 , , , , million if you count the practitioners side) |
| Typology | SVO + VSO syllabic |
| Classification by family | |
| |
| Official status | |
| Official language of | Hispanic America , Spain , Equatorial Guinea , Rapa Nui. As a second language: Belize |
| Governed by | Association of Academies of the Spanish language ( Spanish Royal Academy more than 21 other Academies of the Spanish language existing in the world) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | es |
| ISO 639-2 | spa |
| ISO 639-3 | spa |
| IETF | es |
| Sample | |
| Start the Don Quixote of Miguel de Cervantes : Captulo I In un lugar de la Mancha, cuyo number of acordarme No quiero, mucho tiempo no ha that vivia a hidalgo de los lanza in astillero, adarga antigua, Rocina galgo flaco y corredor. | |
change  | |
The Spanish or Castilian is a Romance language , common of Spain and many nations of America and other territories around the world associated with a time of history at the ancient city.
Spanish, from northern Spain, was released in the Kingdom of Castile and developed as the main language of commerce and government. It was conducted in Africa, America and Asia Pacific with the expansion of the Spanish Empire between the fifteenth and the nineteenth century.
Today, 400 million people speak Spanish as their mother tongue , , , , , .
Summary |
History
Features
Spanish is morphologically close to the French , because of their origin Latin common but mutual understanding remains very limited, although easier in writing by the archaic character of French spelling. Spanish is generally much more remained archaic and remains relatively close to the classical Latin and the modern Italian , with whom he maintains a certain degree of understanding. Belonging to the sub-branch Ibero-Romance as Portuguese , Spanish also written some mutual understanding, and to a lesser extent oral, with the latter .
On the other hand, being from the Spanish region of Cantabria in northern Spain , he received a strong influence of the substrate formed by the ancestor of Basque , especially at the morphological level and, in a lesser extent, vocabulary.
Morphosyntax
Spanish shares with other Romance languages most phonological and grammatical characteristics evolution of Vulgar Latin , such as abandonment of vowel quantity , loss of declensions and the disappearance of the deponents.
The main changes that characterize the Spanish are:
- diphthongization of spontaneous E (> I) and O (> ue) brief tonic (Tempu (M)> tiempo; PORTA (M)> puerta etc..)
- palatalization groups-LL-and-Latin-NN in .
- sound of consonants deaf intervocalic (VITA> vida; LACU (M)> lago etc..)
- aspiration and subsequent disappearance of the original F-Latin, preserved in the form of an "h" silent in the usual spelling (FILIUM> hijo; FACER> hacer, FABULARE> hablar; FOLIA> hoja). This trait is a consequence of the influence of substrate bascode (Basque phonological system has no F-in the original). In some areas the original H-is still pronounced aspirated.
- adoption of a vowel system simplified to 5 vowels (a, e, i, o, u) also inherited the Basque.
- devoicing and singular evolution of fricatives in Spanish in the medieval sense of a simplification, leading to the establishment of two phonemes particular: fricative velar fricative (similar to th English ).
- adoption of a tonic accent based on intensity and not (as in Italian for example) on the quantity.
Compared to other Romance languages, Spanish has a syntactic typology particularly free and with much less restrictions on word order in sentences (typically subject-verb-complement).
One of the characteristic syntactic features of Spanish is the addition of a preposition 'a' before additional item referring to a person or an inanimate object. It can be seen as a consequence of the syntactic freedom previously mentioned, the ability to easily swap syntactical groups in a sentence possibly leading to a confusion between subject and object, avoided by the use of the preposition . This feature contributes to confusion encountered in the use of pronouns direct and indirect (phenomena termed Leismer , lasme and losme , the first being considered a proper academic point of view).
Spanish makes frequent use of a pronoun indirect redundant in the presence of the referent noun: the indigo has Carmen: "I told Carmen" (literally: "I said to Carmen").
As in Latin and in most other Romance languages, and unlike the French , the use of subject pronouns is optional. It is used to remove confusion in some cases of conjugation or ambiguous phrases.
Verbal System
In general, the conjugation system of the Spanish remained morphologically very close to Latin.
The four Latin conjugations are reduced to three in Spanish. Latin infinitives in-are,-ERE and-IRE renumbered Spanish-ar,-er and-ir, the third conjugation Latin-ere, is redistributed between the second and third conjugations of Spanish-er and -ir (eg FACER> hacer, Dicer> decir).
Spanish retains some forms synthetic derived from Latin, which tend to be replaced by analytical forms in other Romance languages .
Glossary
Due to contacts with other extended language, the lexicon of Spanish contains many words derived from loans, including Basque , with the Arab and various Indian languages.
Words of Basque origin
For example, izquierda (left) comes from the Basque word Ezkerra.
Words of Arabic origin
Legacy of the Muslim era, the Arab brought a large number of words in Spanish (more than 4000 ).
Common names origin Arabic
| Spanish word | Translation | Arabic origin |
|---|---|---|
| aceite | oil | az-zeit () (ditto) |
| aceituna | Olive | Az-zeitwn () (ditto) |
| albaricoque | apricot | Al-barqwq () (plum) |
| alcachofa | artichoke | Al-arwf () (the spine of the earth) |
| alcalde | mayor of a village or town | Al-qy () (Judge) |
| aldea | village | Ad-ay'ah () (the village) |
| alguacil | officer corrida | Al-azil () (Archer) |
| almohada | pillow | Al-muaa () (ditto) |
| alquiler | rent | Al-Kira () (ditto) |
| alubia | bean | Al-lwbiya () (ditto) |
| el | the / the | Al () (ditto) |
| Fulano | Type / mec | fwln () (ditto) |
| hasta | until | hatta () (ditto) |
| he | here | ha () (ditto) |
| Majara | crazy | manwn () (ditto) |
| marfil | ivory | 'Azam Al-fyl ( ) (elephant bones) |
| Marrano | pig (adjective) | mohharram () (prohibited) |
| Ojal | provided that (literally, God willing) | inch'Allah ( ) (God willing) |
| ole | ole | wallah (by Allah), () (interjection of admiration) |
| Rehen | hostage | rahan () (ditto) |
| zanahoria | carrot | safunnryah () (ditto) |
Nouns original Arabic
- Albacete , Arabic: , Al-Basit, the plain;
- Alczar , Arabic: al-QSAR , Kasr al; castle / fortress, a term used to describe this defensive architecture in Andalusia;
- Alhambra from Arabic: , Al-Hamra ', literally "red" (the full form is "Calata Alhambra Al-Qal` at al-Hamra', "red fortress");
- Alicante , Arabic: Al- Laqant, the Roman city Leuca (Lucentum);
- Almeria , Arabic: al- Miraya, watchtower, tower, watchtower;
- Almodovar , Arabic: al- Mudawwar, round;
- Granada 's Arabic , Gar-anat, Pilgrim Hill;
- Gibraltar , Arabic: , Jebel Tarik Tarik mountain;
- Guadalquivir , Arabic: wad al-Kebir (the great big river or valley) wad (wadi) meaning more the concept of river valley that is said nahr;
- Guadalajara , Arabic: wad al-Hijar (the valley of the river stones or rocks).
Proper name of European origin and Arabized
- Andalusia of the Arabic Al-Andalus Arabized form of Visigothic "landa-hlauts" or other hypothesis, transformation of phonetic "Vandals" in "Andalus" (the name of the Germanic Vandals , a Germanic people who lived in particular Betic south of the peninsula Iberian ) (See: Etymology of al-Andalus and Andalusia ).
Words from Gypsy
The Cal (Spanish dialect of Romany , the language of the Roma ) was also significantly enriched the Spanish language, especially in the slang.
| Spanish word | Translation |
|---|---|
| canguelo | fear |
| Mangar | fly |
| Menda | person / type |
| gilipollas | con / non-intelligent |
| Chalar | make someone love |
| chaval / a | boy / girl |
| cate / catear | a stroke / missing a review |
| chungo | hard / sick / lousy / rotten |
Writing
Like other Romance languages , Spanish has adopted the Latin alphabet and uses of diacritics and digraphs to complete. The tilde accents writings, used in modern Spanish to mark the tonic vowel in certain cases or to distinguish homonyms some were used in a spontaneous up the standardization of their use in the creation of the Spanish Royal Academy in XVIII century. Moreover, u has a diaeresis on rare occasions, namely in gue and gui for suites indicate that the u is pronounced (eg bilingual, "bilingual").
N tilde is perhaps the most famous Spanish diacritics, it gives birth to a character seen as a full letter, . This is the origin of a digraph NN, N was the second short suspension by means of a line become wavy ~.
These are the scribes who invented the Spanish cedilla (zedilla, "small z '), it is dependantplus used since the eighteenth century (which noted the .
Variations and dialects
Dialects of Spain
Among the most remarkable manner of Castilian spoken in Spain include the Andalusian (notably characterized by the presence of seseo or ceceo by area), the Murcia , the castuo and the Canaries.
Changes in Hispanic America
Among the most notable include the use of an alternative system of personal pronouns. The pronoun of the third person plural ustedes (used only in Spain to speak to a group of people that we vous) replaces Hispanic America the vosotros. vosotros (2nd person plural, equivalent in Spain " you "when speaking French to a group of people that one is near).
Iberian pronunciation of the consonant c (before the letters e and i) or z (before a, o and u), is an interdental fricative (similar to English th). Latin America is always pronounced the phoneme egoe UI ',' Arial Unicode MS ',' Adobe Std Pi ',' Lucida Sans Unicode ',' Unicode Chrysanthi 'Code2000, Gentium, GentiumAlt' TITUS Cyberbit Basic ',' Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit' 'Kaku Gothic Pro Hiragino', 'Matrix Unicode', sans-serif "> / s / (s phonetically close to the French, being more palatal s Peninsular), an important trait in common with the Canary Islands and much of the Andalusian. This pronunciation, in Spanish called " seseo , is widespread in Hispanic America.
Common features with the dialects Andalusian and Canarian explained by the fact that the colonization of Spanish America and all trade with it have long been centralized in Seville (the Canary Islands while serving as an intermediary with Iberian Peninsula ), allowing a better flow control by the monarchy. Thus the Andalusian dialect was dominant among migrants, who often spent long months before they embark on the New World.
The many African slaves deported to the Spanish empire were also influenced some differentiation of the dialects of America and developed a particular form of Spanish in contact with the settlers, while bringing their African accent.
Large disparities may exist in the lexicon. For example some common words in Spanish Peninsular are obscene in Argentina, Colombia and Mexico.
The pronunciation of the time can differ in Spain and America. Regarding the first half of the dial (12-6) use is the same. For the second half (6-12), there are variations. For example, in Spain, "He is 9 h 40" will say "Son las diez menos veinte" while in Latin America is generally preferred "Faltan veinte (minutos) para las diez", although the Peninsular paradigm exists and is sometimes used. "There is 1 h" and "It is 13 pm" to say the same way: "Es la una (of late).
Spanglish
A result of contact with the Spanish language with English , is the appearance of a talk called "Spanglish", which is used by speakers including the United States. This variant of Spanish is studied in some universities such as Amherst Massachusetts.
| Spanish word | English word | Spanglish |
|---|---|---|
| Banda | Gang | Ganga |
| Camioneta | Truck | Trochus |
| Disfrutar | To enjoy | Enjoyar |
| Reloj | Watch | Wacho |
| Create | To Believe | Bilivar |
Extension and Use
Distribution of Hispanics in the world
| alphabetically | by number |
|---|---|
|
|
Literature
The Nobel Prize for literature in Spanish:
- Jos Echegaray , Spain ( 1904 )
- Jacinto Benavente , Spain ( 1922 )
- Gabriela Mistral , Chile ( 1945 )
- Juan Ramon Jimenez , Spain ( 1956 )
- Miguel Angel Asturias , Guatemala ( 1967 )
- Pablo Neruda , Chile ( 1971 )
- Vicente Aleixandre , Spain ( 1977 )
- Gabriel Garca Mrquez , Colombia ( 1982 )
- Camilo Jose Cela , Spain ( 1989 )
- Octavio Paz , Mexico ( 1990 )
- Mario Vargas Llosa , Peru ( 2010 )
Distinction between Spanish and Castilian
The Spanish term is recommended by the Royal Spanish Academy and the Association of Academies of the Spanish language as an international name of the language. However, this name is little used or rejected in many countries where Spanish is the official language, and where the Castilian term is preferred, mainly for political reasons:
- in Spain , the word "Spanish" is the whole nation and the territory, or other languages are official in the regions of Spain: Catalan , Basque and Galician , so the name of Castilian is more politically correct .
- in Latin America , for historical reasons related to the process of independence of each country and its relation to Spain, the name "Spanish" is generally accepted in Mexico to Colombia and the name "Castilian" is preferred in the rest of South America.
Moreover, the Castilian name may designate more precisely:
- The dialect novel originally from Cantabria and employee kingdom of Castile during the Middle Ages. See old Castilian.
- The modern dialect spoken today in the central Spanish Castile and Leon , Castile-La Mancha and Madrid , as opposed to other dialects of the language, peninsular or not, as the Andalusian , the Canaries , the Murcia or churro.
References
- a and b http://www.elcastellano.org/23abr.html
- I Acta Internacional sobre la Lengua Espaola
- http://www.cervantes.es/sobre_instituto_cervantes/prensa/2009/noticias/caffarel_casa_america.htm
- Jos Luis Rodrguez Zapatero (V Congreso del la Lengua Espaola)
- http://www.krysstal.com/spoken.html
- Luis Mara Anson (Real Academia Espaola)
- Antonio Molina (Instituto Cervantes)
- Congreso Internacional sobre el espaol, 2008
- congresosdelalengua.es
- http://eprints.ucm.es/8936/1/DT03-06.pdf
- ranking ethnologue.com
- ranking CIA World Factbook
- journal Ethnology ( eldia.es )
- Encarta ( 800 miles Mandarin. , 358 Spanish mill. , English 350 mill. )
- Intercomprehension oral is often good enough for a speaker Lusophone but made more difficult for Hispanics unfamiliar Portuguese because of some specific developments thereof.
- (es) Toms Navarro Toms (1918/1982), Manual pronunciacin espaola (21 th ed.), Madrid, Concejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientficas, ( ISBN 8-40003-462-7 ), 90-91.
- For example, in the sentence "Juan sees Laura," "Juan ve Laura", the word order is free, we can also say "ve Laura Juan," that "ve Juan Laura," " Laura has ve Juan "etc.., nuances translated by the choice of word order do not affect the semantics of what is expressed: the a ensures that, whatever the arrangement chosen, Laura is an object, and Juan subject. French for instance does not have this freedom in word order and must resort to circumlocutions to translate the same grades ("It looks as Juan Laura," "Juan is watching Laura" etc.)..
- In French, the simplification of verbal variations led to the mandatory use of the pronoun subject in most cases. For example, for regular verbs in the first group, the shapes of the three persons singular are identical to the present (indicative or subjunctive), although in writing or in some contexts of sentences ( link ) you can still see the second person by -s. Instead, the Spanish have largely retained the variety of Latin verb endings, the possibilities for confusion are much rarer.
- For example, in some time, as imperfect indicative, present subjunctive and imperfect subjunctive, where the forms of 1st and 3rd person singular are identical: CANTAB -> I sang / he sang.
- This is for example the case of perfect , yet fully used in much of the language area of Spanish and remaining in the literary language but is fluent in French and substituted by Catalan composite forms, past-compound ( auxiliary be or have + past participle) and anar + infinitive respectively).
- Darbord Bernard and Bernard Pottier , The Spanish Language: Elements of historical grammar, Nathan , coll. "college. / Studies Language and Literature, Paris, 1994, 2nd ed., 253 p. (ISBN 190836-3), p. 21
- Previously, police officer who performed both the functions of bailiff, policeman and gendarme in Spain.
- (es) See also
Related articles
- Spanish grammar
- History of Spanish
- Arranged alphabetically in Spanish
- Syllable Castilian
- Acronyms in Spanish
- List of Castilian Swadesh
- Language
External Links
Links to other projects
- Wikibooks On:
- the teaching of Spanish ,
- the false friends in Spanish.
- Wikisource : Wikisource Spanish
Translation Help
- Dictionary French / Spanish
- A conjugator automated language Spanish
- General dictionaries French Spanish
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