Anglais_Australien

The Australian English (language abbreviations: Aue, AUSE, en-AU). This is the form of English spoken in Australia.

Background socio-historical linguistics

Australian English began to diverge from the British English shortly after the founding of the colony of New South Wales (NSW) in 1788. British convicts settled there, including "Cockneys of London (term for the talk of the capital). The prisoners came to most major cities in England. They were joined by free settlers, military personnel and officials, often with their families. Ultimately, much of the convicts were Irish (at least 25% coming directly from Ireland, plus other first passed by Great Britain), as well as non-English Welsh and Scottish. All do not come from South-East of England. English was not spoken or poorly controlled by a large share of the population trapped and form of English came from the dominant role played by the Cockney South-East England.

In 1827, Peter Cunningham , in his book two years in New South Wales ("Two Years in New South Wales"), reports that European-born Australians spoke with a different accent and vocabulary, with a strong Cockney influence. The forced exile of convicts ended in 1868, but immigration from the British Isles continued.

The first phase of the Australian gold rush in the 1850s began with a wave of immigration much higher, which could not but influence the language. During the 1850s, when the UK experienced a severe crisis, about 2% of British people emigrated to the colony of New South Wales and that of Victoria .

It is believed that monks who could be used as a slang word meaning "very good", "superb" or "beautiful" was the work of the influence of American English slang of minors and that it comes from the term bonanza, he even from the Spanish (which means "rich vein" of gold and silver .

The contribution of U.S. troops in the time of the Second World War was a further step, they have introduced "okay", "you guys" and "gee" . R. Bell

From the 1950s, American influence came through pop culture, mass media , books, magazines, TV programs and software and finally internet. Some words such as "Freeway" (highway) and "truck" (truck) are so well integrated that few Australians immediately think of American English .

One of the first writers to show an overview of the use of Australian English was the novelist Joseph Furphy , who wrote a popular account of New South Wales and Victoria in the countryside during the 1880s: "Such is Life "(" Hope Floats ") in 1903. CJ Dennis wrote poems about the lives of workers in Melbourne, with "The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke" ("Songs of a sentimental type") in 1915 which was a huge success and was adapted for the screen (like silent film) in 1919. The novel by John O'Grady "They're a Weird Mob" ("These are weird people") has many examples of talk about the 1950 Sydney written phonetically as "owyergoinmateorright?" ("How are you going, mate? All right? ":" How are you dude? All rolls? "). The novels of Thomas Keneally who are in Australia, including The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith "(" The mantra of Jimmie Blacksmith ") frequently uses the local language with phrases such as" yair "for" yes "and" Noth-think "to" nothing. " There are also "How to be Normal in Australia" ("How to be Normal in Australia"), "Let Stalk Strine" (Australian Talk ") of Afferbeck Lauder - "Strine" is a local deformation for "Australian" and the pseudonym "Afferbeck Lauder" is actually a distortion of "alphabetical order" ("alphabetical order").

British words such as "motive" and "mobile phone" are commonly used. There is American English and British side by side with "TV" and "telly" (UK). Many cases are frequent: "SMS" face "text" (word British Text), "Freeway" against "motorway (freeway). It depends on variations by region, class, cultural origin .

The Australian English is similar to the English of New Zealand , because of shared history and geographical proximity. Both language versions use the phrase "different to" ("different from", found also in British English but not in the U.S.), which does not form "different from" to exist.

It is also the influence of Irish English , but as far as could be expected that many Australians are descended from Irish. The influence is seen in the word "ta" for "thank you" and also the pronunciation of the letter H: "haitch" which can be heard from speakers of Broad Australian Franais "(that is to say with a strong accent), while the H unaspirated "aitch" is more common in most English-speaking world. It is also true of the Scouse , that is to say the talk of Liverpool , because this city has seen many Irish live there, along with their countrymen emigrated to the United States.

Some words of Irish origin are common throughout the Irish diaspora as a bum the back) (see Irish bun) tucker food supply) (see Tacar Irish).
Some words purely English were able to see their meaning change under the influence with Irish as a paddock (field, Pairc Gaelic) which has exactly the same direction as the Australian paddock.

Variations and change in Australian English

There are three main varieties of Australian English by linguists: the "Broad" (with a strong accent), the current shape and form sustained .

They are part of a continuum reflecting variations in accent. These varieties may reflect social class or level of education of people talking but not necessarily the case either .

The "Broad Australian Franais" is recognizable and familiar to English speakers in the world because it is used for identifying Australian characters in non-Australian films and television series. Examples of TV personalities or movie are Steve Irwin and Paul Hogan. Slang terms like "Ocker" for a speaker and "Strine" to describe the dialect used in Australia. In reality, this level of focus is not current.

Essentially, the majority of Australians speak with an accent in common - General Australian Franais: Australian English stream. It has a majority among the films and television programs. Individuals to international fame as the Wiggles , Kylie Minogue , and actresses such as Nicole Kidman and Cate Blanchett that speak English and Australian are "ambassadors" to other countries that routinely and contemporary Australians speak.

The "Cultivated Australian Franais", "Australian English argued," has many similarities with British English and are often confused. The Australian English is spoken by some argued in Australian society, such as actors Judy Davis and Geoffrey Rush.

There is no discernible changes in the accent and pronunciation among people of different States and Territories of the Australian Federation (Commonwealth of Australia), although it is said. Ultimately, there are only small differences when compared with the difference of British and American English, as well as the Australian pronunciation is determined less by region than by cultural and educational influences. There are regional differences well documented. In Tasmania , words such as "dance" and "grant" is pronounced in the UK (from Ense "," gwent "), while in South Australia , Anglo-Australian pronunciation is more common ("d loop "," gwante). Other parts of Australia show other modes of pronunciation for the vowel following .

Phonology

vowels of Australian English

diphthongs of Australian English

The Australian English is a dialect with accents "rhotic and non-rhotic. Is "rhotic" means to pronounce the R in the UK. This is very similar to the English of New Zealand and South African English and may well be compared to the dialects of South-East of England , particularly the Cockney and Received Pronunciation (British English words " Academic). Like many dialects of English, the difference between dialects is on phonology (pronunciation) of the vowels .

We can separate the vowels of Australian English in two categories: long vowels and short vowels. Short vowels which correspond to monophthongs , the "lax vowels (" vowels neglected) by Received Pronunciation. Long vowels correspond to monophthongs and diphthongs , mostly "tense vowels (" tense vowels) and diphthongs plants. Unlike most varieties of English, certain vowels differ only by their length.

The Australian English consonants are similar to those of other non-rhotic varieties of English. If we compare the T and D are vibrant consonants / t /, / d / as in American English. Many users assume grouped consonants like / dj /, / sj / and / tj / as / d /, / / and / t /.

Vocabulary

The Australian English has a number of words that we regard as typical of this variant. One of the best known is " outback "designating a sparsely populated area with a sparse human presence. Another example is that of Bush to mean primary forest or just the countryside. The bush is a word of Dutch origin ("Bosch"). These terms are in fact common in many English-speaking countries. The first settlers from England brought similar words and phrases and usages to Australia. Many words used frequently by Australians of the campaign are or were also used in all or part of England, with variations of meaning. For example, the word "creek" means Australia and North America a stream or small river, whereas in the UK this means a small river (thus throwing himself into the sea), "paddock" in Australia, is a field while in the United Kingdom, there is a barrier for livestock. "Bush" or "scrub" in Australia and North America mean a wooded area while in England they are used only in proper names: Shepherd's Bush , Wormwood Scrubs. The Australian English and several British dialects (Cockney, Scouse, Glaswegian (Glasgow), Geordie (dialect of Newcastle upon Tyne ) use the word "mate" ("Type").

The origins of other words are not so clear or are discussed. "Dinkum" (or "fair dinkum") can mean "really", "true? "Or" it's the truth! "It depends on the context. It is often said that "dinkum" dates from the period of the Australian gold rushes of the 1850s and is a transformation of Cantonese or Hakka "ding kam, meaning" gold grade ". However, experts give much credit to the end of the runway Midlands East of England: "dinkum" or "dincum" meaning "hard work" or "good job", which was the original meaning in Australian English .

The derivative word "dinky-di" means "real" and is found in the expression goes: "dinky-di Aussie" ("a true Australian"). These expressions are used to show what is typically Australian. These words and expressions such as "true blue" are often parodied, most being of true slang.

Similarly, "g'day", a stereotypical manner in Australia wishing something is no longer synonymous with "good day" in other varieties of English, and is never used to say goodbye or good day, as in other countries.

Influence of Australian Aboriginal languages

Some elements of Aboriginal languages in Australia are mainly used for names of places, fauna and flora (eg dingo). Beyond that, few other examples have been adopted in the language, apart from some local slang. They include: "Cooee" and "hard yakka". "Cooee" serves to attract attention or to take away with someone, while "hard yakka" means "hard work" and "yakka" comes from Yagar or Jagara , language that was spoken in the region of Brisbane. "Bung" means broken or painful.
A missing piece in a machine can be described as having being "bunged up" or "on the bung," "gone bung". A person who claims to have evil: "I've got a bung knee," and we say a person in this case, "he / she IS bunging it on."

Even if the didgeridoo , wooden instrument which we often think it is an aboriginal word (or "Koori" aboriginal word for Aboriginal, meaning "human being"), it is now estimated that this would an onomatopoeia invented by the English. Irish track is also possible, from the Gaelic dubh ddaire: black flute .

Few words of Australian origin are currently used in other English speaking countries, among them "first past the post" finalize "brownout" in the field of electricity, as well as idiomatic: "united" to University and "short of" for something stupid or crazy .

Spelling

The Australian spelling is usually the same as in Britain, with few exceptions. The Macquarie Dictionary is generally the reference tool for editors, schools, universities and various government whether federal or federated.
Remarkable differences with British English are:

• "Program" is more common than "program" ^{, ,}
• Jail ("jail") occurs much more often than "gaol" is generally used in the administrative language.

There have long believed that the controversy in Australia came from spelling the Americanization of Australian English, American influence came late in the ^twentieth century, however the debate is much older. For example, a pamphlet entitled "The so-called American spelling" published in Sydney shortly before 1901, said there was no etymological reason for the preservation of "u" in words such as "Honor" "Labor", etc.. referring to the British that formerly could spell with "gold". The pamphlet also claimed that the tendency for people of Australasia to remove the "u" and a morning newspaper in Sydney usually did, while other newspapers were still using the old spelling. The newspapers were not always a reliable thermometer preferences and uses people as "color" is used by 95% of people but newspapers use "color" <ref: "A bevan By Any Other Name Could Be a bogan "Don Woolford, The Age, March 27, 2002 ^:, .

Forms Idioms

Some people in Australia use diminutives. They are used by various modes and generally show familiarity. Common examples are: "arvo" (afternoon), "barbie" (barbecue), "footy" ( Australian football ).

Some use understatements such as "you're not wrong" (you did not wrong).

Many idiomatic words and phrases once common in Australian English have become stereotypes and exaggerations, caricatures, they're gone now. Among the least used words are: "Cobber", "strewth", "you beaut" and "crikey".

"Waltzing Matilda" ("Matilda the traveler") of the bush poet Banjo Paterson contains many obsolete words and phrases Australian it is a book that refers to the rural ideal and are understood by Australians even though this vocabulary n is no longer in use.
If we can give an example, it is the title which means the traveler (as "waltzing" suggests waltzing) owing particularly in the carts of miners from Australia and New Zealand called "swag".

Related articles

• Australian Creole
• Australian Aboriginal languages
• Papuan languages
• Culture of Australia
• Australian Aboriginal culture

References

• (En) Alexander G. Mitchell, 1995, The Story of Australian Franais, Sydney: Dictionary Research Centre

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