Afrikaans
| Afrikaans Afrikaans | |
|---|---|
| Spoken in |  South Africa  Namibia |
| Number of speakers | 1st language: between 4.7 and 6.5 million total: 15 to 23 million |
| Typology | SVO inflectional accentual |
| Classification by family | |
| |
| Official status | |
| Official language of | South Africa Namibia |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | af |
| ISO 639-2 | afr |
| ISO 639-3 | afr |
| IETF | af |
| Sample | |
| Article I of the Declaration of Human Rights ( see text in French ) Artikel 1 Alle wesen menslike word VRY, puts in gelyke waardigheid Regt, gebore. Hulle het rede in gewete in behoort in die gees van broederskap teenoor mekaar op te tree. | |
change  | |
The Afrikaans is a language spoken Germanic in South Africa and Namibia , after the Netherlands. The Afrikaans word meaning "African" in Dutch.
Summary |
History
The Afrikaans language was originally spoken by the settlers Dutch landed in South Africa, also called " Boers ", a word meaning" peasant "in their language.
The Afrikaans language is also spoken by the Metis, especially in regions of the Western Cape and the Northern Cape. Show: Afrikaans-speaking peoples.
In 1875 , Stephanus Jacobus Du Toit is one of a group of teachers and pastors of the Dutch Reformed Church that formed at Paarl in the Cape Colony a cultural protest movement Die Afrikaner Genootskap van Regt (the "Association real Afrikaner ") whose objective is to defend and impose the Afrikaans side of the English as official language of the colony. It is for them to give the language spoken by the Afrikaner farmers acclaim and make a real tool of written communication .
In 1877 , SJ Du Toit publishes first book of history of Afrikaners , who wrote more is in Afrikaans, Die Geskiedenis van ons Land in die Taal van ons Volk ("The history of our country in the language of his people") akin to a political manifesto of the Afrikaners full of mysticism. It chronicles the struggle of a small people elected to stay faithful to the plan of God , the revolt of 1795 executions of Slagter's Neck in 1815 , the Great Trek of 1836 , identified with the Exodus from Egypt , the murder of Piet Retief and the triumph of Blood River .
After first obtaining the Netherlands is considered one of the two national languages, the struggle of the Afrikaner identity movement focuses on the promotion of Afrikaans, the right to education in that language and the right to speak in government. This is after a long battle that culturally and linguistically 1925 , the government of James Barry Hertzog gives the status of Afrikaans national language alongside the English (instead of Dutch). Until 1990 , Afrikaans is one of three official languages of South-West Africa (alongside the English and the German ).
Afrikaans literature developed a poetic tradition, tending to romanticize the history of South African whites. This is probably because of the association of Afrikaans to the ideology of "afrikanerdom" that the black population has so resisted the teaching of Afrikaans (see the Soweto riots in 1976 ).
But an important innovation in Afrikaans literature, that of Sestigers ("people of the Sixties"), introduced new trends. Usually opposed to apartheid and influenced by, for example Foucault , the ANC and other left currents, the Sestigers have just broken the links between Afrikaans and apartheid. We should note, among the writers most important modern Afrikaans, Andre Brink , Breyten Breytenbach (South African citizen and French), Deon Meyer (novels) and Adam Small (one poet said "colored").
Karel Schoeman , born in 1939 in Trompsburg ( Free State ), is a novelist of South Africa who wrote in Afrikaans, whose works are becoming known internationally. Novels: In strange countries (original publication in Afrikaans n Ander Land, 1984 / English translation Another Country, 1991, translated from French into English in 1991, repr. 2007), Season of Farewell (published in Afrikaans in 1990 South Africa, French translation 2004, Price Amphi 2004), Back to the beloved country (published in Afrikaans in 1972, translated in 2006 in France), and The Life (original edition in 1993, Afrikaans, French translation, 2009, Best Foreign Book 2009).
Since 1994 , Afrikaans is one of the eleven official languages but in practice the English language is the only public, which led the Afrikaners to start a third taalbeweging (language movement) to restore equal their language with English for the third time in history. In contemporary South Africa, we tried to use the term ethnic Afrikaanse appellation to designate the Afrikaans-speaking people to replace the word Afrikaner, but this attempt failed politically correct.
Classification
The Afrikaans is the youngest of the Germanic languages , following the Dutch of the seventeenth century.
Population and Distribution
The Afrikaans is spoken in South Africa by about 6.5 million people as a mother tongue (2007 estimate) and 9 million - for the lowest estimate - and 23 million - to the highest estimate - of speakers as a second or third language. It is even the language - as paradoxical as it is - the most multiracial South Africa. Thus, approximately 2.76 million of his maternal speakers are white, 3.44 million Coloureds (mixed) 240 000 blacks and fewer than 10,000 Indians .
She remains the majority language in the provinces of Western Cape and the Northern Cape through Metis who make these the only provinces where the Afrikaans language retains its essential role with English. It retains a significant place in the provinces of Gauteng and the Free State where Afrikaner remain a significant minority. Afrikaans, for historical reasons, is geographically dispersed language (mother tongue - census 2001 ):
- Western Cape 2,500,800, or 55.3% of the population of the province
- Gauteng 1,265,500, or 14.4% of the population of the province
- Free State 320 800, or 11.9% of the population of the province
- North West 275 800, or 7.5% of the population of the province
- Northern Cape 558 300 or 68% of the population of the province
- Eastern Cape : 600 100, or 9.3% of the population of the province
- Limpopo 122 400 or 2.3% of the population of the province
- Mpumalanga 204 700, or 6.6% of the population of the province
- KwaZulu-Natal 139 800, or 1.5% of the population of the province
A total of 5,983,000 of maternal speakers for the census of 2001.
Status
It is one of the eleven official languages of South Africa, and language status "recognized" in Namibia. The Afrikaans suffering since the end of apartheid in the competition of English promoted by the ANC government. Language virtually excluded at the national level, it still retains in the provincial government retains an important place and a great capacity for dissemination in the private sector (radio, television, press). Formerly language of the oppressor and oppressed Metis, is now seen in the South African post-apartheid as a modern language. Its use by youth Afrikaans and other South African communities has helped improve its image. Despite competition from the English , its demographic dynamism (due primarily to mixed) allows him to continue to occupy a prominent place in the South African landscape.
Writing
The Afrikaans uses the Latin alphabet. However, the language being used from the seventeenth century by Asian Muslim communities established on the coasts, it was regularly written in Arabic script. The first book written in Afrikaans was the addition of this alphabet with the early nineteenth century.
Pronunciation
The pronunciation and vocabulary differences that have such speakers of Afrikaans and Dutch can be understood by speaking slowly. It is significant that these speakers often prefer to use English to ensure good mutual understanding. For an external auditor, the difference between the phonemes is such that one hears two distinct languages. Grammar In the examples below, the forms are listed first in the Netherlands, the following Afrikaans. Compared to the grammar and vocabulary Dutch , Afrikaans has been greatly simplified. However, because of its very particular linguistic evolution, translating word for word from Dutch into Afrikaans by applying this simplification gives a result sometimes incomprehensible, sometimes comical. Moreover, by archaism, some Dutch terms have a very different meaning in Afrikaans. The differences between Dutch and Afrikaans are especially visible in the conjugation of verbs. The Afrikaans uses only one kind and the definite article is invariably die. There is only one auxiliary (het, have) instead of hebben and zijn (to have and be). The verb to be is reflected by Weese and is combined in the present tense in an invariable manner: The Afrikaans has a negation doubled, rather like the French: There are also systematic elisions, including the g or v / w Example of a strong verb: the verb geven gee (give)
Vocabulary
Word Translation Pronunciation German / Dutch / English Etymology + earth aarde References See also
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