1894

This page is for year 1894 of the Gregorian calendar .

Events

Africa

• January 25 : The Public Force of the Independent State of Congo seized Kabambare , sure now almost complete control of the territory following the campaigns against the Arab-Swahili.
• January 29 : The King of Abomey ( Dahomey ) Behanzin undergoes after two years of struggles. He was deported to Martinique, then in Algeria where he died in 1906.
• February 12 : Taking Timbuktu by the French.
  • Part Sansanding , the column reinforcement commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Stephen Bonnier , was due on January 10 to Timbuktu. The 14 , it is beset by Tuareg at Takoubao near Goundam , which destroy him. The commander Joffre restores the situation as of January 20. It reaches Niafunke and inflicts a crushing defeat to Tuareg few days later. In Timbuktu , Joffre Bonnier and builds the fort built fortifications at Kabara , Korioume and Gundam. Then he launched expeditions against the various factions that participated in the battle Takoubao , forcing them to make formal bid. Joffre left Timbuktu on July 10 , after firmly establishes control of the French army on the city and its environs.
• April 11 : British Protectorate on Buganda.
  • Through the intervention of British, Toro (Uganda) and Buganda can attach a large part of Bounyoro.
• June 22 : Decree of creation of the colony of Dahomey.
• July 16 : Samori Toure takes Kong .
• November : The Imperial British East Africa Company gives privileges to the British government.
• December 12 , Madagascar : The commander of French troops seized Beloved Tamatave. Depuis quelques annes, le Premier ministre Rainilairanivony remettait en question la collaboration franco-malgache en tentant, en vain, d'obtenir l'appui de la Grande-Bretagne. In October , French nationals left the capital, Antananarivo , after France had announced to exercise a protectorate over the island.
• December : Mary Kingsley from Calabar to the current Gabon where she worked alongside the tribes of cannibals (end November 1895).

• Samori Toure made his son run Dyanli Karamogho for treason.
• Rabah based in Bornu a new capital named Dikoa. It is the height of his power.
• The British signed new agreements with the neighbors of the Asante , who feels threatened. Mission Ashanti in London.
• Campaign against black physician John Farrell Easmon , appointed Surgeon in Gold Coast. He was finally suspended from office in 1897.
• The Great Britain enters into an agreement with Belgium that Leopold II of Belgium would sell him the tape of the Congo. The British territory and possess a single piece of Egypt to the Cape. Protests German and French contractors back.

• A commission of indigenous reserves is responsible for allocating the land of Southern Rhodesia. Reservations are created for the black population. In 1914 , 24.87 million acres include 104 reserves 834 000 Africans, including approximately 500,000 actually live in these reserves, 22 million acres were given to businesses and families of white settlers; 48 million acres are reserved for the BSAC.

• The British get a concession from the Sultan of Zanzibar on Kenya. The annual pension of the sultan is increased by 6000 pounds.

• Expedition Arthur Donaldson Smith to Lake Rudolf and the Borana (1894-1899).

• Creation of the African Lakes Company in Nyasaland , where the best soldiers are recruited from the slavers Arab - Swahili and their partners Yao and Makua.
• Creating the Protestant Church Malagasy Tranozozoro Antranobiriky.

Maghreb

• June 7 : Death of Sultan Hassan I of Morocco. His eldest son had been disinherited, young Abd al-Aziz , aged 14, succeeded him under the regency of the vizier Ba Ahmed (end of reign in 1908 ). Ba-Ahmed continues the policy of balance between the European powers (the end of the regency in 1900 ).

• Education reform in Tunisia : a school moueddebs, or Koranic school teachers (Kuttab) is created. Meanwhile, the school system develops non-Muslim, secular and religious institutions are based in addition to Italian and Jewish Catholic schools of the Alliance Israelite in place.

Middle East

• January : The Khedive of Egypt Abbas Hilmi II promotes resistance to British occupation. He urged the Egyptian troops to criticize their commander in chief, the British Kitchener. Threatened with dismissal, the Khedive should finally accept the return of Nubar Pasha as head of government ( April 16 ).

• Spring: Armenian Rebellion against taxes in the region of Ottoman Sassun , west of Lake Van. His crackdown has led to massacres Hamidian.
• August : Five thousand Armenians were massacred in Little Armenia ( Turkey ). Perpetrated by the Turks and Kurds , the massacre was sanctioned by the Ottoman sultan. The Armenian movement Hintchak called for rebellion against the Kurds. This action is causing turmoil in Europe , where a major movement Armenophiles born. The ambassadors of Great Britain and France to Constantinople and have protested to the Sultan a project of reforms. The latter, encouraged by the attitude of Russian Foreign Minister Lobanof , openly anti-Armenian, is courteous responses to the ambassadors, but vague, and designed the project to exterminate the Armenians. It isolates the Armenian provinces of the outside world by banning travel and establishing the postal censorship. He harangued the people in the mosques by the mullahs who speak a great conspiracy against the Armenian Turkey and against Islam. Weapons are distributed to the Kurdish tribes and bands of fanatical Turks, the Bashi-bazouks.

Asia

September 15 : Battle of Pyongyang

• June 2 : The King of Korea seeks aid from China to fight against opponents belonging to the sect of Tonghak.
• June 5 :
  • Chinese vessels made their way to Korea. In response, a Japanese fleet is dispatched.
  • Tragic ending of the French expedition of Dutreuil Rhins in Tibet. Dutreuil of Rhins is murdered by bandits .
• July 16 : Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and Great Britain, "said Aoki-Kimberley Treaty. "The unequal treaties "between Japan and Westerners are revised between 1894 and 1897.
• July 22 : The UK offers a compromise: China and Japan will occupy the entire Korea.
• July 23 : Japanese troops investing the royal palace in Seoul and overthrew the king of Korea and then forcing his successor to declare war with them to China on July 27.
• August : Launch of the first Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) which led to the seizure Japanese Formosa (ending in 1895 ).
• August ¹ : Annihilation of the Chinese fleet by Japan , which officially declares war on China.
• 15 - 16 septembre : le Japon crase les Chinois la bataille de Pyongyang
• October 24 : Japan enters Manchuria.
• November 21 : Decision- Port Arthur (Lushun) by the Japanese General Nogi Kiten.
• November 22 : Puputan (mass suicide) in the War of Lombok in Indonesia.
• December 31 : End of term Lanessan , Governor General of Indochina Union since June 1891. Since the founding of the Indochinese Union ( 1887 ), Governors General have shown that respects local characteristics.

• An outbreak of plague in China. She wins the Africa , the islands of the Pacific , the Australia , the Americas and reached San Francisco in 1900.
• Plantation of rubber trees in Malaysia.

Oceania

• July 4 : Proclamation of the Republic to Hawaii. Sanford B. Dole became president of the Republic of Hawaii.
• August 31 : Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act. Adoption of the social protection system reconciling unions in New Zealand. The social policy (voting rights to women in 1893 , eight-hour day in 1897 , pensions for the elderly) will be worth in New Zealand the reputation of practicing "socialism" very advanced compared to European countries.

America

United States

May : the army of Jacob Coxey march on Washington

May 11 : Beginning of the Pullman strike

• April : Strikes in Pennsylvania and the Ohio. An army of unemployed led by Jacob Coxey march on Washington to demand work to federal authorities. It is dispersed by the police.
• May ¹ - October 3 : World Expo 1893 in Chicago.
• May 11 : The workers of the Pullman City , which has just been reduced by five times the pay, stop work, supported by the union Railways Union.
• June : Eugene Debs , President of Union Railways, called all employees of the railways to support those in Pullman. The union bosses railway in the region, General Managers Association, responded by referring to those employees who participate in the boycott of solidarity. The Railways Union resolves a strike. All traffic west of Chicago is paralyzed by a movement that affects 100,000 employees. President Grover Cleveland gets an 'injunction against the defendants to obstruct the railway mail service and interstate trade (Sherman Act).
• July : The intervention of federal troops and the filibuster "fraternities" are degenerate railway strike. Yielding to violence, railroad workers are quick to discredit itself. Pullman strikers resume work in August without obtaining satisfaction.
• August 27 : Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act.
• September : At New York's garment workers went on strike.

• Grover Cleveland has to use two loans to replenish gold reserves.
• External trade surplus.
• Coin's Financial School, praised the bimetallism of William Harvey.

Latin America

• February 22 : Policarpo Bonilla became President of the Republic of Honduras. He first responds positively to the request of Guatemala to reconstitute the Central American Federation, but abandons its ally when it decides to invade El Salvador who had refused to enter the future federation.
• May 8 : Rafael Yglesias Castro was elected president of Costa Rica.
• August 10 : General Andres Avelino Caceres was elected President of the Republic of Peru. He faces upon his appointment to a coalition including Democrats, led by Nicolas de Pierola , and "civilian" banded together to defend freedom and the electoral vote.
• November 15 , Brazil : Prudente de Morais became president of the Brazilian Republic. Prudente de Morais Barros, governor of So Paulo is the first civilian president, elected in free election organized by his predecessor Floriano Peixoto. It is responsible for the triumph of the interests of coffee , agriculture, free trade, against the plans of industrialists supporters of protectionism. His first act will be an amnesty to insurgents of Rio Grande do Sul , which had risen against the government under the chairmanship of Peixoto.
• November 20 : The Mosquito Coast is incorporated in Nicaragua by President Jos Santos Zelaya.
  • Intervention of the United States to Nicaragua to protect U.S. interests at Bluefields following a revolution.

Europe

• January : Putting the Corinth Canal.
• March 5 : Start the Liberal ministry of Earl of Rosebery , Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (completed in 1895 ).
• March 10 : A commercial treaty between Germany and Russia is ratified by the Reichstag. It puts an end to the "war of cereals" ( 1890 ).
• March 26 , adoption of the Charter of Quaregnon , ideological statement, the forerunner of the Socialist Party, the Parti Ouvrier Belge (POB), established in 1885.
• March : Tensions between the legislature and the executive in Denmark (1894 - 1901 ). The Folketing intends to impose an obligation to the royal power to choose members of the government among the parties forming the majority in the Lower House. But the policy of the President of the Council based on the principle of equality between the two chambers. The Lower House routinely refuses to vote the Finance Act, saying the defense budget too high. The King must dissolve parliament several times, while the Government use of interim finance laws, an offense to the Constitution.
• April - May : Minutes memoranda Romanian Cluj. Conviction of the leaders to prison and ban the National Party of Romania.
• May - November : Exposition of Antwerp.
• June : Start of the Greek uprising in Crete (late in February 1897 ).
• August 7 : Resignation of Prime Minister of Denmark Estrup
• August 26 : Jelles Pieter Troelstra (1860-1930) founded the Workers Party Social Democrats (SDAP, Sociaal Democratische arbeiders Partij) in the Netherlands on the basis of the program of Gotha in 1875.
• October 26 : End of the Department Caprivi in Germany. The chancellor, who advocated a simple tightening of the legislative, opposed the Emperor Wilhelm II who intends to pass a new law against revolutionary parties. He is dismissed and the Kaiser appointed Chancellor Prince Hohenlohe Chlodwig , aged 76, who will disappear behind the personality of his Finance Minister, Johannes Miquel.
• October 14 : General Elections in Belgium. Introduction of plural suffrage.
• November 3 , Germany : Establishment of the Union of the Eastern Marches. The association intends to steer the empire to a policy of anti-Polish economic and cultural colonization, and a Germanization of the Eastern provinces.

• Reunification of the Hungarian Social Democratic Party under the leadership of Ignatius Silberberg. The congress adopted a program of agrarian Marxist, far from the farmers' claims.
• UK : The cities not included in the Local Government Act 1887 granted the status of "city village".
• The Association of Women Zurich (Frauenverein) opens the first restaurants without alcohol.

Russia

November 26 : Marriage of Nicolas II and Alexandra of Hesse-Darmstadt

• February 10 : Commercial Treaty with Germany.
• November ¹ : Beginning of the reign of Nicolas II , Czar of Russia (late in 1917 ). It continues the policy of his autocratic father.
• November 26 : The Tsar of Russia Nicolas II married Alexandra of Hesse-Darmstadt ( 1872 - 1918 ), Princess of Hesse.

• Resumption of diplomatic relations with the Holy See.
• Continued controversy over the ways of Russian development. Marxist Critique of populism ( Lenin , Struve ).
• Repression against Stundistes (Baptist Ukrainian ).
• State monopoly on the sale of alcohol (fourth fiscal revenues between 1894 and 1899).

Tax on rents.

• The drop in grain prices that began in 1875 , reached its maximum.

France

• June 24 : Assassination of President a href = "% C3% Marie_Fran A7ois_Sadi_Carnot" alt = "Marie Franois Sadi Carnot" class = "mw-redirect"> Sadi Carnot by an anarchist Italian , Sante Geronimo Caserio.
• June 27 : Jean Casimir-Perier is elected president.
• July 28 : Vote of " villainous laws "against the anarchists.
• September: Start of the Dreyfus Affair , French military on suspicion of espionage on behalf of Germany.
• December 22 : Dreyfus was sentenced to deportation.

Italy

• Council President Francesco Crispi is a series of measures designed to break down internal resistance. In a context where the social situation is deteriorating amid financial and economic crisis compounded by the country of Ethiopia , made Crispi revise the electoral rolls, sends troops against the peasants and workers (masons of Carrara , Sicilian beam), while despising the decisions of municipalities and the parliament.

• January 3 : Francesco Crispi proclaimed state of siege in Sicily where he sends 40,000 soldiers. The repression unleashed a revolt anarchist Lunigiana ( Tuscany ) and reacts Crispi again proclaiming a state of siege.
• June 16 : The anarchist Paolo Lega fired a revolver without hitting against Crispi.
• June : Crispi, most weakens, resigns and returns to business after a redesign.
• June 24 : After the assassination of Sadi Carnot in Lyon by Sante Geronimo Caserio , 3000 Italian immigrants must leave town.
• July 17 : General Baratieri occupies Kassala in Sudan.
• October 10 : The German Bank Bleichrder reconstitutes Milan the Banca Commerciale Italiana. Another group of German banks to form Genoa Banca di Credito Italiano on the ruins of the Banca general.

Switzerland

Thematic Chronologies

Arts and Culture

In the salon of the Rue des Moulins, canvas Toulouse-Lautrec.

• September 30 : The archaeologist and Egyptologist Italian Ernesto Schiaparelli was appointed director of the collection of Egyptian antiquities in the Museum of Turin.
• November 18 : At Valencia ( Spain ), alternative of Robert Felix , matador French. It is the first French to take the alternative.
• December : The Czech artist Alfons Mucha designed a poster for the French actress Sarah Bernhardt.

• The artist British Aubrey Beardsley illustrates Salome of Oscar Wilde.
• War, the customs Rousseau , is exposed to the Salon des Independants in Paris.

Births in 1894

• January 7 : Maximilian Kolbe , clergyman Polish ( 14 August 1941 ).

• February 8 : King Vidor , American film director.
• February 20 : Iwaszkiewicz Jaroslaw , Polish writer and dramatist ( 2 March 1980 ).

• March 13 : Charles Lavialle , actor.

• April 15 : Bessie Smith , singer American ( 1937 ).
• April 22 : Mariano Montes , bullfighter Spanish ( 13 June 1926 ).
• April 26 : Rudolf Hess , a dignitary of the German Nazi ( 17 August 1987 ).
• April 27 : Marcel Gimond , sculptor French ( 13 October 1961 ).

• May 11 : Martha Graham , American dancer and choreographer ( 1991 ).
• May 13 : sgeir sgeirsson , Icelandic politician ( 15 September 1972 ).
• May 19 : Josef von Sternberg , director.
• May 27 :
  • Louis-Ferdinand Celine , French writer.
  • Dashiell Hammett , American writer.

• June 4 : La Bolduc , singer-songwriter, harmonica player, fiddler Quebec ( 1941 ).
• June 13 : Jacques Henri Lartigue , French photographer.
• June 23 :
  • Edward VIII , King of the United Kingdom.
  • Alfred Kinsey , American scientist.

• July 3 : Jaime de Barros Camara , Brazilian cardinal, archbishop of Rio de Janeiro ( 18 February 1971 ).
• July 17 : Georges Lemaitre , a Catholic priest, Belgian astronomer and physicist.
• July 25 : Gavrilo Princip , Serbian anarchist ( 1918 ).
• July 26 : Aldous Huxley writer.

• September 14 : Pierre-Marie Theas , French Catholic bishop, Bishop of Tarbes and Lourdes ( 3 April 1977 ).
• September 15 : Jean Renoir , French director.

• October 20 : Henryk Berlewi , painter and draftsman Polish ( 2 August 1967 ).
• October 21 : Rampo Edogawa , Japanese author.
• October 30 : Jean Rostand , biologist.

• December 24 : Guynemer , French aviator, the Ace of Aces
• December 31 : Pola Negri , Polish actress (USA).

• unknown day: Dorette Muller , a painter and poster designer French.

Deaths in 1894

• February 7 : Adolphe Sax , inventor of the saxophone (b. 6 November 1814 ).

• February 9 : Maxime du Camp , French writer (b. 8 February 1822 ).
• February 21 : Gustave Caillebotte , French painter and art collector (b. 19 August 1848 ).

• May 9 : Lon-Benoit-Charles Thomas , French cardinal, archbishop of Rouen (b. 29 May 1826 ).
• May 27 : El Espartero (Manuel Garca Cuesta), Matador Spanish (b. 18 January 1865 ).

• June 24 : Sadi Carnot (assassinated), President of the French Republic.

• October 22 : Philipp Bertkau zoologist German (b. 1849 ).

• November ¹ : Alexander III , Tsar of Russia.
• November 26 : Pafnouti Chebyshev , Russian mathematician (b. 4 May 1821 )

• December 3 : Robert Louis Stevenson , novelist, poet and essayist Scottish (b. 13 November 1850 ).
• December 7 : Ferdinand de Lesseps , diplomat and entrepreneur French.
• December 13 : Jean Mace , French teacher and journalist (b. 22 August 1815 ).
• December 31 : Thomas Joannes Stieltjes , mathematician Dutch (b. 29 December 1856 ).

References

• Portal of the contemporary world
• Portal of the nineteenth ^century

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