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1887
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This page is for year 1887 of the Gregorian calendar .
Summary |
Events
Africa
- January 6 : Victory Ethiopian from Menelik to battle Chelenqo (Tchalenko) on the Emir of Harrar. Menelik's forces massacred 11 000 soldiers and captured some guns Krupp. Annexation of Harrar and the Illubabor. Menelik installed his cousin, Ras Makonnen (died 1907 ).
- Harrar is a hub of the arms trade in East Africa. Arthur Rimbaud , who lived there between 1880 and 1891 , described in his correspondence the importance of the profits of this traffic : Capture Jaja , King of Opobo , in Nigeria. He was deported to St. Vincent on 16.
- October 18 : The Nigeria Protectorate becomes British on the initiative of George Goldie , Founder of the Royal Niger Company , in charge since July 1886 to colonize the region.
- 8 - December 12 , Senegal : The marabout Mamadou Lamine Drame is defeated and killed by the French at the Battle of Toubakouta to the border with Gambia.
- December 27th : Foundation of the Compagnie du Congo for Trade and Industry (CCCI) by Albert Thys.
- Conflict between ten companies UK and Germany in the region of Tana (1887 - 1888 ).
- Civil war in Asante.
- Samori Toure did perform two of her daughters to immorality.
- Rabah invaded Darfur , recruits bazingirs, moved to Dar Kuti, but fails against the Ouaddai. From 1887 to 1889 , he did not launch expeditions, but spends his time talking to the Mahdi , who asked for help to fight the infidels.
- Homecoming elites and African intellectuals in Sierra Leone and Lagos : Traditional clothes are rehabilitated, some Christian converts return to traditional religion; Europeanized names repeat a turn and the local language back in the spotlight.
- Sati (southern Burkina Faso ) is besieged by Zarma under the leadership of Alpha Babatou (1887). Trapped within the walls that surrounded the walled village, Moussa Kadio and Gourounsi resist for three years. The Dagomba , nearby villages are helping their brothers Gourounsi but Zarma finally defeated the coalition.
America
Main articles: 1887 in Canada and 1887 in Quebec.- January 6 : General Ulysses Heureaux is elected President of the Dominican Republic. He ruled as dictator until his assassination in 1899. He plunged the Dominican Republic in a very serious economic crisis.
- December 31 : The government of Colombia signed a concordat with the Church. This signature indicates the new direction and curator of the British : liberalism and federalism are gradually abandoned, while increasing presidential powers.
United States
- February 4 : Interstate Commerce Act. The Congress adopted a law on interstate commerce: a federal commission denounces control agreements between railways, which can no longer agree to maintain the high freight rates detrimental to farmers in the Midwest.
- February 8 : Vote Severalty Dawes Act , which reorganized the Indian reservations in that allocated to each family of a batch of 64 hectares. This authoritarian measure aims to transform the Indians settled farmers, all by destroying their traditional institutions (collective ownership). The Indians then have 140 million acres (50 million fifty years later).
- March 3 : The Congress defers the Tenure of Office Act of 1867 , which removed the president the right to dismiss a minister whose appointment was approved by the Senate. By restoring the right to dismiss federal employees, Congress has a political victory to President Grover Cleveland.
- May 1 : Following the events of the previous year in Chicago on 1 May is a day of general strike in all major cities. These actions will contribute to the eight-hour day.
- May : violent police repression of a strike by drivers of trams in New York.
- June 6 : Filing of trademark Coca-Cola .
- 17 - September 21 : Convention of the Socialist Labor Party , which remains of small groups.
- November 1 : Strike of ten thousand sugar cane cutters in Louisiana that require a raise of 50 cents. Paid 65 cents a day, they receive most of the time that vouchers valid in stores plantations. The militia will end the strike at the end of the month.
- November 11th : Black Friday , the day are executed four of the eight anarchists arrested after the events in Haymarket Square in Chicago.
- December : Attacks Grover Cleveland against the tariff. It moved downward revision to imports needed most. The problem is coupled with a financial matter: Customs revenues are crammed into the coffers of the Treasury froze some dangerously increasing the money supply. Some propose to put that money into circulation as pensions for veterans, subsidies or large dock work. Cleveland prefers hitting the excess to the source. The project developed under his leadership in the House of Representatives is too favorable to Southern interests and is rejected by the Senate.
Oceania and Pacific
- June 20 : The Kermadec Islands are annexed by New Zealand. They confirmed the expansionist annexation of the colony. Already in 1871 , the government had tried in vain to obtain the agreement of the United Kingdom to annex the islands Samoa.
- June 20 : The United States takes on Pearl Harbor ( Hawaii ) a deposit of coal to supply the navy.
- October 16 : Convention Franco - British naval establishing a Joint Committee on the New Hebrides ( condominium in 1906 ).
Asia and the Indian world
December 1 : Treaty of Peking
- February 2 : Creating the Bengal National Chamber of Commerce and Industry. She is the first institution of its kind to be held on the territory colonial British India.
- March 26 : The Portugal Annex Macao.
- August 5 , Philippines : Return of the nationalist writer Jose Rizal in Manila. In exile in Europe , he denounced the colonial yoke which weighs on his country.
- September 4 : Gandhi leaves the India to begin law studies in London. Back in 1891 , it is acting as a lawyer before going to South Africa in 1893 , where he will defend the Indian community against racial discrimination.
- October 1 : The Balochistan (northwestern Indian subcontinent) is erected in the territory of British and integrated into the Indian Empire.
- October : The France creates the Indochinese Union ( Cochin China , Annam , Tonkin , Cambodia and Laos in 1893 ) under the authority of a governor general representing France (including Lanessan , Paul Doumer , Albert Sarraut ). If the monarchy is preserved in the protectorates, it is emptied of any substance for the benefit of residents. The Kings will be somewhat complacent exiles.
- December 1 : The China confirmed by the Treaty of Peking "permanent occupation and administration of Macao and its adjacent islands by the Government of Portugal. "
Middle East
- August : Making Movement of Hintchak by Armenians in exile in Geneva. They claim, as the party Armenakan , removal of guardianship Ottoman Armenians of the Empire.
- The budget of Egypt is balanced for the first time since the bankruptcy of the state. While covering healthy finances, Egypt, considered little more solvent, remains under international supervision and the troops the British continued to occupy the country.
- The Deutsche Bank is involved in managing the debt of the Ottoman Empire. A group of German industrial obtained the concession of a railway line in Anatolia.
Europe
- February 21 , Germany : The Reichstag is dissolved on the issue of military appropriations. The Conservatives, who will win the election on February 21 , will vote the Planning Act of Bismarck on March 12.
- February 23 : earthquake Ligurian Alps.
- February - March and December : Mediterranean Agreements between Austria-Hungary , the Italy , the United Kingdom and Spain ( May ) concluded plans to resist the Russians and French in the Mediterranean and the Straits.
- March 13 : Bomb attack against the Tsar Alexander III of Russia. Jzef Pisudski and a score of activists were arrested.
- April 20 : Case Schnaebel espionage , French commissioner drawn into a trap by his German colleague. Bismarck agrees to release Schnaebel.
- April 30 , Switzerland: Sils im Domleschg , a fire destroyed 125 homes.
- April , Italy : Depretis , shaken by the failure of Dogal ( Ethiopia , Jan. 26 ), must undertake a major cabinet reshuffle. After accepting the resignation of Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of War, he called on the government Francesco Crispi , the leading anti-government left.
- May 23 : The conflict between the German state and the Catholic Church is considered closed by Pope Leo XIII , satisfied with that since 1880 have ended the Kulturkampf.
- June 17 : The Liberal government of Spanish Sagasta passes a law authorizing the formation of associations, giving the Spanish a framework of freedom unprecedented public.
- June 18 : Secret treaty of "reinsurance" between Germany and Russia (late in 1890 ). He assured Bismarck Russian neutrality in the event of French attack against the Germany. In exchange, the chancellor promised his support in the diplomatic issue in the case of Bulgaria and the Straits. But in November , when awakening to the issue Bulgarian Bismarck put an end to financial facilities granted by the Reichsbank to the Russians.
- 20 - June 21 : Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.
- June 25 : Although Russia , election of Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg , protected from the Austrian on the throne of Bulgaria.
- July 5 : Some of the suburbs of Zug sink into the lake. We deplore 15 victims and 38 houses were destroyed.
- July 29 , Italy : The death of Depretis sounds at the end of a parliamentary strategy which had seen the left try to get closer to the right in the context of coalition cabinets. Council President Francesco Crispi , a former Republican, has the power of quasi-dictatorial (completed in 1896 ). It keeps the Departments of War and Foreign Affairs.
- August 6 : Municipalities adopt the Local Government Act, which establishes local councils in cities and counties of more than 50,000 inhabitants and a Board of County London.
- October 1 : The Italian prime minister Francesco Crispi visited Bismarck in his property Friedrichsruh.
- November 6 : Revision of the Constitution in the Netherlands : abolition of the poll tax while excluding the universal suffrage (voting rights to citizens showing signs of ability and prosperity).
November 13 : Bloody Sunday - November 13 : " Bloody Sunday "in London where two Irish independence demonstrators are killed in clashes with police.
- November Bismarck increasing tariffs on Russian exports of wheat and then terminates the borrowings of the Russian stock market to Berlin for financing and arming a strategic rail routes. Germano-Russian relations are deteriorating. The tsar refused to renew the alliance of the Three Emperors.
- Colonial Conference in London involving the Secretary of State for the Colonies Chamberlain and the Prime Ministers of Dominions. Others followed in 1894 , 1897 , 1902 , 1907 and 1911.
- Russia : Circular of the Minister of Public Instruction Delianov limiting access to gyms (excluding son of coachmen, maids, laundresses and cooks). Numerus clausus limiting the access of Jews to the university: 10% of students in the area of residence, 3% in St. Petersburg and Moscow , 5% in the rest of the Empire.
- Russia : Raising tariffs. Congress Standing ironmaster.
- Foundation in Vienna 's Christian Social Union.
- Law on industrial accidents in Austria
- Foundation in Geneva of the Polish National League.
- Prohibition of use of Polish in German schools (3 million people, the majority in Posen and Upper Silesia ).
- Law encouraging industrial enterprises and promoting foreign investment in Romania.
- Under a law inspired protectionist the Merchandise Marks Act 1887, the British authorities require labeling of imported German goods in the United Kingdom with the mention made in Germany.
- Protective tariff established rigorous Italy to try to support the fledgling industry. It marks the beginning of a tariff war with France which led to the crisis years 1888 - 1894.
- 215,665 Italians left the country.
- Switzerland : In the wake of a banking scandal, the canton of Solothurn adopts a new constitution.
- Article of the Constitution on the protection of inventions in Switzerland.
France
Main article: 1887 in France.- April 20 : Case Schnaebel
- April 30 : Resignation of General Boulanger.
- October 7 : Scandal decorations.
Switzerland
Main article: 1887 in Switzerland.Thematic Chronologies
Arts and Culture
Woman naked on a bed, a href = "Vincent_Van_Gogh" class = "mw-redirect" title = "Vincent Van Gogh> Van Gogh Vincent - January 8 : Start of construction of the Eiffel Tower in Paris.
- July 26 : The Polish ophthalmologist Zamenhof Ludwik Lejzer publishes its project called International Language under the pseudonym of Dr. Esperanto, this move marks the birth of Esperanto , international language by vocation.
- September 29 : At Madrid ( Spain ), AC Rafael Guerra Bejarano said " Guerrita " Matador Spanish.
- Painting and visual arts
- November : Vincent Van Gogh met Gauguin , returning from Martinique in the art gallery of his brother Theo. Admiration for each other, the two artists agree to an exchange of paintings: two studies of sunflowers against a scene in Martinique.
- December : Paul Gauguin moved to Pont-Aven in Brittany.
- The French painter Auguste Renoir, who has just completed Bathers exposes the work at the international exhibition, held in the prestigious gallery of Georges Petit. The mixed reception that was booked by the public and critics at this masterpiece, the large number of negative reviews it received, Renoir prompted to end the period Ingres.
- Russia : Paintings Surikov (the Boarine Morozova) and Serov (Peach Girl).
- In Japan , the beginning of the activity of the painter Monsh Kawamura.
- Beginning of the revival of the decorative arts by Gall and Daum glass in their studio.
Births in 1887
- January 26 : Franois Faber , Luxembourgish cyclist ( 9 May 1915 ).
- January 28 : Arthur Rubinstein , pianist Polish ( 20 December 1982 ).
- March 5 : Heitor Villa-Lobos , Brazilian composer ( 17 November 1959 ).
- March 23 : Juan Gris (Jos Victoriano Gonzalez), Spanish painter ( 11 May 1927 ).
- May 6 : January Zaorski , surgeon Polish organizer of a clandestine teaching of medicine under the Nazi occupation of Poland ( 10 March 1956 ).
- May 22 : Arthur Craven , writer and boxer original British ( 1918 ).
- May 26 : Ba U , President of Burma ( 1963 ).
- May 30 : Alexander Archipenko , American sculptor born in Russia ( 1964).
- May 31 : Saint-John Perse (Alexis Lger) French diplomat and poet ( 20 September 1975 ).
- June 13 : Andre Francois-Poncet , French diplomat ( 8 January 1978 ).
- June 20 : Kurt Schwitters , German painter and poet dada ( 8 January 1948 ).
- July 7 : Marc Chagall , Russian-born French painter ( 28 March 1985 ).
- July 28 : Marcel Duchamp , artist ( 2 October 1968 ).
- August 12 : Erwin Schrdinger , a Nobel laureate in physics 1933 ( 4 January 1961 ).
- August 15 : Jean Rouppert , designer, French painter and sculptor ( 1979 ).
- August 17 :
- Charles of Habsburg , Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary ( April 1, 1922 ).
- Marcus Garvey said the "Black Moses" founded the newspaper The Negro World and the Black Star Line ( 10 June 1940 ).
- September 1 : Blaise Cendrars , French writer of Swiss origin ( 21 January 1961 ).
- October 5 : Ren Cassin , French jurist ( 20 February 1976 ).
- October 6 : Le Corbusier (Charles-Edouard Jeanneret-Gris), architect, painter of Swiss origin ( 27 August 1965 ).
- October 11 : Pierre Jean Jouve , French poet and novelist ( 1976 ).
- October 31 : Chiang Kai-shek , Chinese politician ( 5 April 1975 ).
- November 23 : Boris Karloff , actor, UK ( 2 February 1969 ).
- December 22 :
- Srinivasa Ramanujan , Indian mathematician ( 26 April 1920 ).
- Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle , actor, screenwriter and American director ( 29 June 1933 ).
- December 24 : Louis Jouvet , actor and director French. ( 16 August 1951 ).
Deaths in 1887
- January 23 : Louis-Marie-Joseph-Caverot Eusebius , French cardinal, archbishop of Lyon (b. 26 March 1806 ).
- March 2 : August Wilhelm Eichler , botanist German (b. 1839 ).
- May 2 : Bernhard Studer , geologist Swiss (b. 1794).
- May 11 : Jean-Baptiste Boussingault , father of agricultural chemistry ( 1802 ).
- May 14 : Hippolyte Bayard , inventor of photography ( 1801).
- July 16 : Laurent-Guillaume de Koninck , palaeontologist and chemist Belgian (b. 1809).
- August 19 : Spencer Fullerton Baird , ornithologist and ichthyologist American (b. 1823 ).
- August 20 : Jules Laforgue , French poet.
- November 6 : Eugene Pottier , poet and revolutionary.
- November 18 : Prince Jean de Bourbon (65), Earl of Montizn, eldest Capetian and head of the House of France.
- Eugene Rimmel : perfumer and French businessman (b. 1820 )
References
- Arthur Rimbaud, letter of 20 August 1887 the Director of the Egyptian Bosphorus
- national question: Issues and lessons of boundary adjustment in Nigeria - The Ndoki Case, The | Journal of Third World Studies | Find Articles at BNET.com
- Nigeria
- A Brief History of Cocaine, by Steven B. Karch Published by CRC Press, 2006 ( ISBN 978-0-8493-9775-2 )
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