1836
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This page is for year 1836 of the Gregorian calendar .
Summary |
Events
Africa
- The Ndebele are facing organized resistance of Grik and Korana , and more to Boers who destroy their main village and occupy their lands (1836 - 1837 ).
- Between 1836 and mid-century, groups Ngoni came from Zimbabwe led by their chief Zouangendaba , settled in western and central Tanzania today. Their invasion causing massive destruction of property and people and a climate of insecurity and violence that facilitate the ravages of the slave trade. Second, they disseminate new concepts and military technology and new forms of political organization inherited from the Zulus , which will draw leaders Nyamwezi as Mirambo and Mawe Nyungu ago.
- The Mangbetu , who originally came from the region of Lake Albert , after migrating for decades, is set in the Upper Zaire. Their king Nabiembali control immediately by the local ethnic groups systematically fertilize its own indigenous women, whose son later settle in their respective environments maternal representing the authority Mangbetu.
- The Chokwe , which fell during the slave trade in the wooded hills to the sources of Kwango of Kwiliu and Kasai ( Angola ), benefiting from the boom of the ivory to make money. They buy guns that make hunting more profitable and allow them to buy slaves, especially women. Between 1850 and 1890 , the depletion of hunting and gathering population pressure and push them to migrate north and east of Angola, southern Democratic Republic of Congo , to seize Empire of the Lunda and secure most of their neighbors.
- After the loss of Brazil , the Portuguese resumed an expansionist policy in Angola. From 1836 to 1839 , they annexed the territories of Matamba and Ginga and create a post Duque da Bragana 400 km east of Luanda.
- Abolition of government monopoly on ivory in Angola. Prices increase by 300% in Luanda , causing a boom in exports: 3000 pounds in 1832 , 105 000 1844 190 000 in 1859. From 1850 , they exceed in value those of slaves.
- First Embassy of Madagascar in Europe. She met with little success (1836 - 1837 ).
Algeria
- General Clauzel decides to resume hostilities. He captured Mascara (December 1835 ) then Tlemcen in January where he established a garrison. Then he submits the tribes Cheliff hunting and the representative of the Emir in Medea , abandoned by its people. Considering that the threat is averted in the west, he deposed the bey of Constantine and appoint in his place the squadron leader Youssouf, who settled temporarily Bone.
- April 25 : Abd el-Kader is organizing a cons-offensive and defeated the troops of General Arlanges of the Tafna. An expeditionary force commanded by General Bugeaud was sent to France to release the French camp at the mouth of Tafna.
- July 6 : Bugeaud defeated the troops of the emir to Sikkak , but immediately re-embarked for France.
- 13 - November 24 : failure of the expedition of Constantine.
- Clauzel , who wants to attack Constantine , denied reinforcements by the President of the Council Mole. It brings together 7,000 men, however, but his first expedition was defeated in November.
America
- February 23 : Start of siege of Fort Alamo.
- February 25 : Exhibition of Joice Heth by Phineas Taylor Barnum , first " human zoo ".
- March 2 : The Texas proclaimed its independence from Mexico.
- March 6 : Take the Alamo by the Mexicans, resulting in the death of the 189 defenders.
- March 27 : Massacre of 300 Texans at Goliad.
- April 21 : The forces of Texan Sam Houston beat the Mexican army and captured Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto. end of the Texas Revolution.
- June 15 : The Arkansas became the twenty-fifth State of the American Union.
- September 5 : Sam Houston was elected President of the Republic of Texas (1836 - 1838 ; 1841 - 1844 ).
- December 7 : Election of Martin Van Buren as President of the United States.
- December 28 : The Spain recognizes independence of Mexico.
- October 28 : Decree forming the Confederation the Peruvian - Bolivian initiated by the Marshal Santa Cruz ( 1837 - 1839 ). The Chile feels threatened.
- Following an assault by Creeks on white settlers in Alabama , the government sends the army to force 15 000 Creeks rebels tried to emigrate west. Deprivation and disease claimed many victims.
- Strike of 1500 workers of the Association of textile workers in Lowell against the rising cost of their pensions (which are housed in dormitories by the company).
- Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation of peace signed in Caracas between the U.S. and Venezuela.
- Foundation of Fort Dallas at the origin of the city of Miami Oceania
Adelaide 1839- December 28 : A private company established in Adelaide (Australia).
Asia
- On the death of Antha Thura ( Manthaturat ), the Kingdom of Luang Prabang passes under the suzerainty of Siam.
- Revolts of late Sultan and Malaysia : the suppression of uprisings Sultanate of Pattani , Kelantan , Tregganu and Kedah , supported by the Burmese establishment, explains the suzerainty Thai in the north of Peninsular Malaysia.
- The authorities' refusal Chinese to receive the credentials of British officials, written in terms considered offensive, leads to increased tensions in Canton : smuggling trade succeeds.
- Deepening crisis of subsistence Japan. In northern countries, famine would have made a million dead.
Middle East
- In Egypt , Mohammed Ali , convinced of the need for a cadre of national staff, development of higher education. A foreign language institute was inaugurated in Cairo.
- Lebanon : Lebanese Break between administrators and Egyptian: The Egyptians carry out conscription in the Alawi , the Druze and Metoualis. These communities rebelled in turn for five months. The Egyptians, initially greeted as liberators, are gradually rejected by the population. They accuse described as excessive agricultural production and silk in particular.
- Premier Persian Kaim Hakam was assassinated. Hajji Mirza Aghasi , former tutor of the Shah, suspicious of the Europeans, succeeded him.
- In response to the Persian-Russian rapprochement, the British turned to the Afghanistan , which is sent a trade mission.
Europe
- January 4 , Barcelona : Massacre of 120 prisoners Carlist.
- February : The Prussian , the Austrian and Russian military occupy the Republic of Cracow (completed in 1841 ).
- June 16 : Creating the London Working Men's Association, in order to achieve electoral reform of the British Parliament (800 000 voters for 6 million people of voting age), by London craftsmen Francis Place and William Lovett. She published a manifesto denouncing the "rotten Parliament. From 1837 , she has a hundred local groups.
- August 12 : Coup Liberal organized at the Royal Palace of La Granja in Spain. He forced the regent Marie-Christine restore constitutional liberal 1812 and appoint a radical ministry.
- September 8 : Septembrists Revolution in Portugal. Supporters of a return to the constitution are raised with the support of the people of Lisbon and the army. They restore the liberal constitution of 1822 , swear that the queen and settled in power for six years ( 1842 ).
- The Septembrists aim to provide the country with government structures and prepare the future. The September without popular support, was sentenced to alliances against nature with the army, and failure.
- October 25 : Defeat of the Carlist face Ramon Maria Narvaez.
- Oct. 31 : Riots in Bristol in the UK.
- Reorganization of the police and justice in Ireland.
- MP Hungarian Lajos Kossuth ( in 1802 - one thousand eight hundred and ninety-four ), became the parliamentary leader of the "party of reform."
- Poles in exile in France founded the Polish Democratic Society that brings together, on the basis of a moderate text, nobles and Democrats.
- Creation in Russia of the Fifth Section of the Chancery private, responsible for overseeing the administration of state farmers.
France
Main article: 1836 in France.- February 22 : Prime Ministry Thiers.
- June 25 : Assassination of Louis Alibaud cons Louis-Philippe Ier.
- September 6 : First Department Mole.
- October 30 : Attempted uprising in Strasbourg by the Prince Louis Napoleon Bonaparte.
Thematic Chronologies
Art and culture
- June 16 : Emile de Girardin founded the newspaper La Presse. " Theophile Gautier publishes his first article in the Press, where he worked until 1855. The Old Maid of Honore de Balzac scandal when it was published in La Presse.
- July 29 , France : Inauguration of the Arc de Triomphe ( Place de l'Etoile ).
- September: Prohibition in Russia Telescope Nadezhdin for having published the First Letter of philosophical Chaadayev ( Pyotr Chaadaev ).
- October 25 : Erection of the obelisk of the Place de la Concorde.
- Publication in Paris of the first issue of Le Monde, which ceased publication less than a year later, after the publication of his 350th and final issue.
- British Architect Charles Barry designed the new Palace of Westminster in the Gothic Revival.
- Foundation of the University of London.
Sports
- February 29 : First edition of the horse race of the British Grand National , in Maghull.
- July 14 : Second edition of the Olympic Games Scandinavians "in Ramsola (Sweden): wrestling, lifting, climbing rope, running and gymnastics ..
- Surrey is champion of cricket in England.
- The practice of the soule in Britain now confined only to Lorient where parts are held until 1914.
Science and technology
Main article: 1836 in science.Economy and Society
- June 16 , Advertising : Girardin is inserted for the first time in its newspaper, La Presse, commercial advertisements, which allows it to lower its price.
- June 18 : The law requires the metric system for weights and measures in Belgium .
- Spain : Abolition of monastic properties and entailed. Deletion of the Mesta.
- Eugne and Adolphe Schneider challenge of operating forges Creusot.
- The UK rail network covers 1,600 km.
- First blast furnace of Bohemia fed coke Vitkovice.
- First tests of puddling in the metallurgical facilities in central Russia and the Urals (45% of the Uralian iron production in 1845).
- First railroad in Russia.
Births in 1836
- January 2 : Mendele-Mokher-Sefarim , Russian writer of Hebrew and Yiddish.
- January 8 : Sir Laurens Alma-Tadema , Dutch-born British painter.
- January 14 : Henri Fantin-Latour , French painter and lithographer.
- May 14 : Wilhelm Steinitz , the first official world champion of chess.
- June 1 : Jules Cheret , French painter and lithographer ( 23 September 1932 ).
- July 8 : Joseph Chamberlain , British politician ( 1914 ).
- July 17 : Joseph Michon , French doctor and politician.
- August 16 : Agustin Perera , bullfighter Spanish ( 12 June 1870 ).
- August 23 : Marie-Henriette von Habsburg , Archduchess of Austria , second queen of the Belgians.
- October 15 : Jacques-Joseph Tissot (James Tissot), French painter.
- December 5 : Vincenzo Vannutelli , Italian cardinal of Roman Curia ( 9 July 1930 ).
Deaths in 1836
- January 21 : Andr tienne Justin Pascal Joseph Franois d'Audebert Ferussac of naturalist and military French ( 1786 ).
- March 9 : Antoine Destutt de Tracy , philosopher ideologist (b. 1754 ).
- April 7 : William Godwin , English political philosopher and novelist, in London (b. 1756).
- June 10 : Andre-Marie Ampere ( 1775 ).
- June 20 : Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes , politician, academician French ( chair 31 ) ( 1748 ).
- June 26 : Rouget de Lisle , the father of the Marseillaise.
- June 28 : James Madison , President of the United States (b. 1751 ).
- July 19 : Jean Lefebvre de Cheverus , French cardinal, archbishop of Bordeaux (b. 28 January 1768 ).
- September 17 : Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu , French botanist (b. 1748 ).
- September 23 : The Malibran , born Maria Garcia, an opera singer (b. 1808).
- Nov. 6 : Charles X (b. 1757 ) (79), former King of France, Count of Ponthieu, eldest Capetian and chief house of France , at Gorizia.
- Achille Allier , French historian (b. 1807 ).
References
